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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 6 of 27 2.3.3. Auditability Every confirmed transaction in blockchain is stored on the Block with a timestamp. Consequently, it is extremely convenient for other nodes to verify and track the prior transaction in the distributed network. For example, in Bitcoin, every transaction is con- nected to prior transaction through a hashed link that proves the auditability of the stored data. 3. Related Work It is noticed that blockchain technology has somehow been restricted to cryptocur- rencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum). It is yet to be widely accepted in other industries. Among the many hindrances, scalability is found to be the key hurdle in implementing public blockchains in many real business environments. In this section, we concisely discuss the importance of scalability in blockchain. Moreover, we also present the related literature on works that have been conducted in the past that focused on scalability in blockchain. There are claims that blockchain is the technology that will disrupt the technology eco-system. However, it is yet to achieve this outcome due to its scalability issue. Many researchers have attempted to address the scalability issue by proposing different solu- tions, but the problem persists. Many surveys and reviews have been published on the blockchain scalability challenge and on the evaluation of the proposed solutions with dif- ferent implementations. Recently, the authors of the survey published in [19] evaluated the blockchain scalability challenges in the healthcare domain and went on to provide potential solutions for those challenges. Similarly, another author in [4] published a sur- vey that broadly classified and compared the blockchain scalability solutions. The review published in [17] sees the author discussing different consensus protocols in blockchain scalability perspective. Other studies related to blockchain scalability can be found in [5–8,20], and perhaps more will come. This paper presents a comprehensive novel study that none of the available surveys and reviews have discussed. This survey evaluates pub- lic blockchain scalability with special focus on the critical factors that are causing the scala- bility problem. This survey also comprehensively evaluates the related blockchain scala- bility mitigation approaches. We attempt to build a comprehensive knowledge base for public blockchain scalability due to deal with the scarcity of such comprehensive research in public blockchain domain. Table 1 lists some currently available blockchain scalability surveys and reviews. Table 1. Some recent survey and review articles on blockchain scalability. Reference Year Cite Title Scalability challenges in healthcare block- chain system—a systematic review Solutions to scalability of blockchain: a survey Scaling blockchains: a comprehensive sur- vey A Survey on the scalability of blockchain systems Where is current research on blockchain technology?—a systematic review. Blockchain and scalability A survey of scalability solutions on block- chain A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain Survey: sharding in blockchains 1st Authors Ahmad Akma- luddin Mazlan Qiheng Zhou Abdelatif Hafid Junfeng Xie Jesse Yli-Huumo Anamika Chauhan Soohyeong Kim Nguyen, Giang- Truong Guangsheng Yu [21] 2020 24 [5] 2020 107 [8] 2020 28 [22] 2019 63 [23] 2016 1559 [7] 2018 83 [8] 2018 105 [24] 2018 305 [25] 2019 45PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
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