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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 9 of 27 4.1. Research Questions • RQ1: How can the scalability issue impact blockchain implementation? The motive of this study is to investigate and deeply review the public blockchain scalability issue. RQ1 is therefore aimed to review all relevant papers/information from the academic research works that are directly correlated to scalability issue to understand its vital impact on public blockchain implementation. • RQ2: What vital root factors are causing scalability issue in blockchain? This question is correlated to the probable reasons and their connections, which are creating hindrances in leveraging blockchain technology for large-scale implementation. RQ2 is dependent on RQ1 because it shall lead to the creation of knowledge based on public blockchain scalability issues and pairing to the intended research directions. • RQ3: How researchers address the scalability issues in blockchain? This question seeks to understand the state-of-art solutions pertaining to public blockchain scalability issues. RQ3 seeks to uncover how other researchers have addressed scalability in public blockchains. This SLR is looking at studies that have proposed specific solutions that were either implemented, simulated, or formally proven instead of mere idea/vision presented in published papers. 4.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this SLR are structured to solely accept the documents or articles that directly dealt with the scalability of public blockchains as a problem. The main scope is the factors that are becoming a hindrance to implement block- chain on a large scale. In addition, this SLR is also targeting articles that attempt to solve the scalability issue. The solution should have been implemented or simulated and is fea- sible instead of just highlighting the trend or idea without considering the feasible imple- mentation of the solution. Five key eligibility criteria are designed for this SLR. The criteria are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this SLR. Criteria Quantity 1 The study must be original research work instead of a review or a survey paper. The papers focusing on the blockchain scalability issue (directly or indirectly) and highlighting the relevant reasons/factors. Papers proposing a feasible solution aiming to solve the blockchain scalability (method, technique, model, and framework). The proposed solutions have been evaluated (implemented, simulated, and for- 4 mal proof). 5 The papers are published in peer-reviewed journals/conference journals. 6 The papers should only be in English language. 4.3. Information and Data Sources The relevant information and data sources were determined after exhaustive delib- erations between research team members based on the literature reviewed. As mentioned, this study focuses on the fundamental issue of scalability in public blockchains; as such, we converged on computer science literature in academic journals and conference pro- ceedings for a quality SLR research. The data sources searched include both significant and focused computer sciences and multidisciplinary databases. Articles were obtained from the following sources. These sources have maximum coverage of quality articles in our domain, such as ISI- and Scopus-indexed articles [16,27]. • Scopus; • IEEE explore; 2 3PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
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