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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 10 of 27 • • Science Direct; Web of Science. 4.4. Search Process As per the PRISMA activity guidelines [26], predefined search protocols are essential to avoid any bias during the article search. As such, our search protocols were designed to undertake the specific literature search from the above-mentioned publication portals via their internal search engines. The keywords used in our search strings were identified after several exhaustive test searches, and viable keywords were tested exhaustively. Initially, keywords such as “Blockchain” and “scalability” were applied to different databases. Unfortunately, it re- vealed that these keywords are rather too limited in scope. Eventually, different combina- tions of keywords were manipulated in the search strings to discover papers containing explicit technical synonym of “Blockchain” and “scalability”. This approach was adopted to conduct the search for articles between years 2010 and 2019. That is, all relevant articles published during these years are included in this SLR. It was observed that in using the “scalability process” search string, such search string did not return a uniform hit on every database. By searching in IEEE Explore by using “Blockchain” and its relevant technical synonyms such as “Bitcoin” and “crypto- currency”, it turned out that the search yielded papers well matched to the search require- ments. However, in other databases, these keywords returned a huge number of irrele- vant papers mostly related to the economy and/or cryptocurrency domains. Hence, dif- ferent search strings must be designed for different databases. The complete search strings for this SLR are listed in the Appendix A. 4.5. Screening Process To ensure the relevancy of every searched article to the research questions, incremen- tal approach has been used. Therefore, our first step is to screen the downloaded papers to remove duplicated articles obtained from the different data sources. Then, the title of every paper was carefully filtered to eliminate irrelevant papers, i.e., those with no rele- vancy to the research questions. For example, the search string returned articles related to blockchain but not discussing the scalability issue; the scope is thus out of this SLR. How- ever, occasionally it could be rather hard to decide on the relevancy by just reading the title of the paper. This demanded a more careful reading of the abstract of every paper to decide the eventual acceptance of the paper. As a matter of fact, our predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were vital to screen each article for its relevancy to the RQs. 4.6. Data Extraction A Microsoft excel form was designed for executing the data extraction process based on the PRISMA activity guidelines. This was to extract the required information from the papers with respect to the research questions. The form had three main parts, namely, the characteristic/demographics of the selected papers, the technical aspect of blockchain (in- cluding its scalability) issue, and the quality assessment of the selected papers. Data were extracted from all the papers that passed through the quality assessment. The objective was to record accurately only the needed information from the papers. The quality assess- ment was conducted based on the standard PRISMA guidelines. Demographics of the pa- pers included the title of the article, author(s) of the paper, country of the author, publica- tion type/place, and publication year. The technical aspects of blockchain included the information about blockchain and its scalability issue, blockchain type, performance effi- ciency, application areas, and factors involved in scalability (throughput, latency, storage, and bandwidth power efficiency).PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
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