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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 13 of 27 and disrupting many other industries such as finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture [17]. Every selected paper discusses and states that scalability is a critical issue in public blockchains. These papers manifested the fact that blockchain is yet to be able to “scale- up” at par to the centralized infrastructure, be it in cryptocurrency or some other applica- tions. Scalability in public blockchains is recognized as the vital issue that is affecting the performance and efficiency in the blockchain associated applications. The following section discusses the scalability issue based on the consolidated data from the articles reviewed. This is to justify the impact of scalability in the top three public blockchain-associated applications, namely, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and IoT. Figure 7. Blockchain application domain per selected papers. Scalability Issue in Major Public Blockchains Application (Bitcoin and Ethereum) The high acceptance of cryptocurrency is escalating the burning scalability issue in public blockchains [6,7,28]. The number of transactions with Bitcoin and Ethereum is in- creasing every day [5,7]. More 13,000 transactions take place with Bitcoin everyday [7]. This high number of transactions is making Bitcoin transactions bulky. One of the pro- cesses in public blockchains is to verify the source of the transaction, and every node needs to store and validate every transaction. It is therefore a challenge to the miners to verify every transaction in Bitcoin as it scales up in volume. This is happening because of the inefficient proof-of-work (PoW) [29] consensus mechanism deployed in the Bitcoin in ver- ifying and validating every single transaction. PoW is unfortunately the most frequently used consensus protocol [17]. It is worth to notice that the total number of transactions in Ethereum has continuously grown over the years [7]; many thousands of transactions have occurred every day in recent years. In Ethereum, the limited block size cannot ac- commodate all the transactions submitted by the miners. It is therefore challenging for the miners to verify every transaction. The consequence is that the miners tend to select trans- actions with more rewards for the sake of securing more rewards. The transactions withPDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
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