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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 15 of 27 7. RQ2: What Vital Root Factors Are Causing Scalability Issue in Blockchain? With the increasing popularity of Blockchain technology and its permissionless ap- plication such as cryptocurrency-based applications, scalability issue has become a pri- mary focus in the blockchain research community. Many researchers are attempting to analyze in details on this issue [5,37]. From our SLR, there seems to be no rule-of-thumb or state-of-the-art research with good matrices to address scalability issue in public block- chains. This section intends to discuss factors causing scalability in more detail. Figure 8 illustrates the factors causing scalability issue in public blockchains. Among these factors, transaction throughput has received the most attention. Out of the 121 se- lected papers, 39 papers discussed transaction throughput as main factor/concern for low scalability in public blockchains. Twenty papers highlighted the consensus mechanism as the second most discussed factor concerning public blockchain scalability. Consensus mechanism is somewhat related to throughput. There are nine papers talked about the computational power involving scalability in public blockchains. Latency and storage are discussed in six papers. The remaining factors such as block size, cost issue, number of nodes, network load, and overall performance are discussed in 1–3 articles, respectively. There are 23 papers clearly stating scalability as an issue, but reasons causing scalability are somewhat unclear. The Table 4 shows the factors related to scalability issues, along with the relevant reference. Figure 8. Identified factors causing scalability issue in public blockchains. Table 4. Factors related to blockchain scalability. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Factor Transaction Throughput Latency Storage Block Size Computation en- ergy Network load Description This implies the total number of transactions that the protocol may handle in one second. This applies to the time it takes for a transaction to be initiated to achieve a consensus on it. It is also regarded as a finality. It refers to the total space/capacity a blockchain network can consume. This is total storage capacity of a block to be uti- lized by the transactions. The network will reject the block if it exceeds the storage capacity. This indicates if the algorithm (or the utilizing system) consumes a significant amount of energy for block mining. This implies the number of transactions being car- ried by the network. Ref. Source [7,14,36,38–73] [33,59,69,74,75] [36,71,76–81] [77,82] [42,79,83–90] [91–94]PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
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