PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 017
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 17 of 27 every stage of transaction. The threshold on the number of nodes (participants) may also be a crucial issue. 7.3. Block Size Typically, the size of one block is around 1 MB in Bitcoin [5,118]. This is considered very small and limits the number of transactions that can be stored. It is apparent that large block size is able to accumulate more transactions and directly increase the through- put and lower the latency [5], but the larger block would prompt an increase in block propagation time because heavier block needs more time to be transmitted over the net- work. In addition, handling more transactions in one block would demand more compu- tational resources [118]. 7.4. Computational Cost/Energy This implies the total cost associated in verifying a transaction [119]. It includes the required amount of bandwidth in block propagation and, most importantly, the mining process. The mining process is associated with the consensus mechanism in the permis- sionless blockchain. Bitcoin uses PoW consensus mechanism that the mining process re- quires specialized hardware to mine a block. The special high-end hardware consumes more energy, and as a whole this higher energy consumption means more computation cost [117] , which in return may impinge on the implementation scale of a public block- chain. 7.5. Transaction Cost Transaction fee plays a vital role in public blockchains, i.e., Bitcoin. Miner tends to make selection of the transactions to be verified based on the fee associated with it. This directly affects the confirmation time of a transaction, thus influencing the throughput and latency. The transaction with a small fee may suffer massive confirmation delays, and this logically happens because the consensus mechanism promises to reward miners based on the associated fee in a transaction. 7.6. Storage Public blockchain storage is another essential factor to be seriously considered in the context of scalability. Public blockchain storage requirement grows in tandem with the increasing number of nodes and transactions [5]. As such, full nodes that store complete block data demand high storage capacity. Moreover, high storage requirements can be relieved by increasing partial nodes in public blockchains [35]. Although partial nodes do not store the whole blockchain, they may considerably increase the workload. Through- put would therefore be affected, and addressing high storage requirements is non-trivial. 8. RQ3: How Researchers Address the Scalability Issue in Blockchain? Some significant solutions to public blockchains scalability are discussed in this sec- tion based on the literature reviewed. Scalability challenges are also mentioned in this discussion. At macro level, researchers have attempted to address this issue in two ways: on-chain or off-chain. On-chain solutions tend to address scalability issues by working on elements within the blockchain, whereas off-chain prefers to process transactions outside of the chain. Along with these classifications, there are several application-based solutions designed to achieve the required scalability. For example, DAG [120] and NormaChain [86] for IoT, BlockTrail [40] for auditing, e-commerce EBCM [86,109] and supply chain [55].PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
PDF Search Title:
Review of Challenges in Blockchain ScalabilityOriginal File Name Searched:
applsci-11-09372.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |