PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 020
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9372 20 of 27 4. Practical byzantine fault tolerance PBFT consensus protocol is typically used to accept Byzantine faults [18] and is often used by permissioned blockchain, i.e., Hyperledger, because it is able handle up to 1/3 malicious byzantine replica. This model works in rounds process. There are predefined steps to follow in every round in selecting a primary node. The processing of PBFT con- sensus protocol is divided into three stages: pre-prepared, prepared, and commit. The node should get the majority of 2/3 votes from all the nodes to change the state of the Blockchain. This will confirm that majority of the nodes are identifiable and known to every node. Some practical variants of PBFT have been proposed, such as the Steller con- sensus model [34]. There is not much difference between PBFT and Steller. In PBFT, every node requires one to inquire about other nodes, whereas in Stellar Consensus Model other nodes can choose which set of participants to rely on. 5. Proof of authority/proof of identity consensus model Proof of identity/proof of authority consensus model [8] rely on the complete pub- lishing nodes. This protocol only involves nodes whose identity is linked to real-life in- formation. In the PoA/PoID model, nodes need to reveal their real-life identities to gain a chance to publish a new Block. The defined identity should be identifiable and confirma- ble in the blockchain network. Furthermore, the nodes are required to put their real-life identity at stake along with their reputation to earn the chance to become a publishing node. However, the reputation of these nodes is a concern based on their actions and ac- tivities performed in the network, which means any malicious activity in the publishing can ruin their reputation in the public blockchain networks. However, their reputation would improve if the node performed in the way that other nodes agreed on. There is much less of a chance for a node with a poor reputation to become a publishing node. It is therefore essential for publishing to retain high status. It is not preferred to implement this model in permissionless blockchain because it requires trust between nodes. 6. Proof of elapsed time The PoET consensus protocol randomly chooses the leader by running an election protocol [18]. It was often named as chance-based SGX-based election model. In this model, the leader is chosen to be responsible for adding the next block to the blockchain. In the processing of random leader votes, this model would concern thousands of en- trusted nodes and free participation. Therefore, for experiencing the efficiency of this model, it is essential that the election of leader should be distributed between the most available nodes, while the remaining nodes would be kept responsible for ensuring trans- parency in the selection process and confirm that there is no manipulation in the whole leader selection process. The need for a transparent mechanism in the selection of the leader could be fulfilled by the trustworthy execution environment (TEE), in which secu- rity would remain constant during the process. Intel SGX and TEE are supposed to exe- cute the validation and mining process. Every miner needs permission to execute the code within the TEE for waiting time, and miner with the shortest wait-time becomes leader node. Any internal and external tampering could be avoided by the TEE function. This model requires special equipment or hardware, which is considered a drawback. 7. Bitcoin-NG Bitcoin-NG [128] is new generation consensus model derived from PoW Consensus model [2]. It splits time into different epochs, and a leader is responsible for transaction sterilization in each epoch. This model introduces two new types of Block: the critical block and the microblock. The critical block does not carry transaction data, and it is gen- erated by the miner (nodes) via PoW model and is only used for the leader selection. In contrast, the leader is responsible for creating a microblock containing transaction data. The transaction can therefore be processed continuously unless the next leader ensures to decrease transaction confirmation time which improved the throughput.PDF Image | Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability
PDF Search Title:
Review of Challenges in Blockchain ScalabilityOriginal File Name Searched:
applsci-11-09372.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |