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The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin

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Fig. 5 | Local footprint of Miner IPs. Locations are reported in Supplementary Notes Sheet 4.6. Based on Device IPs, we can confirm the U.S. concentration. We identify the location of ASICs via the IoT-search engine Shodan. By searching for connected ASICs, we can view the distribution on a national level. We are able to localize 2,260 ASICs of Bitmain, and the query results support the U.S.-concentration (19%). Venezuela (16%), Russia (11%), Korea (7%), Ukraine (5%), and China (4%) appear next on the list, and Figure 6 charts all the locations of internet nodes with connected Antminers. Fig. 6 | Local footprint of ASICs. Map and data from IoT-search engine Shodan (https://www.shodan.io)29 as reported in Supplementary Notes Sheet 4.7. Comparing Bitmain’s eleven mining farms in China – which total about 300 MW capacity – to our estimated total network load of more than 6 GW leaves enough space for the unexpected North America concentration. Bitmain’s current construction projects in Texas, Tennessee, Washington State, and Quebec support these findings.22 9

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