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J. Sedlmeir et al.: The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology, Bus Inf Syst Eng 62(6):599–608 (2020) 607 number of business applications – already substantially mitigates sustainability issues. However, we also illustrated that due to consensus and inherent redundancy, blockchain- based solutions in general still require more energy than non-blockchain, centralized architectures. However, in enterprise applications, blockchains are typically only one part of a hybrid solution in which most processes are operated via conventional IT, and little information which is relevant to the remaining participants on the blockchain is processed on-chain (Rieger et al. 2019). Reducing the workflows operated on-chain to a minimum, therefore, also mitigates concerns about the energy consumption. On the other hand, we know from other areas of IT that significant energy savings can be enabled by process optimization and digitization. As there are plenty of scenarios in which blockchain technology might finally turn out to be an enabler of the further digitization of processes, the increase in energy consumption of a specific blockchain must always be weighed against the savings it provides. For example, by enabling the digitization of supply-chain processes, blockchain can substantially reduce the amount of paperwork and transport, including air-freight (Jensen et al. 2019), or allow for more targeted recalls, leveraging many opportunities to reduce carbon emissions. However, we still lack reliable information on the detailed energy consumption of different non-PoW block- chains. We also lack information on the quantification of their energy-saving potential for specific use-cases. Toge- ther, these remain a field for future work, which will involve a more detailed analysis of the role of consensus, as well as transaction-based overheads and efficiency, for a large subset of the consensus mechanisms and blockchain implementations available. It will also involve a discussion about the compromise between the degree of decentral- ization, security, performance, energy consumption, and further metrics which are of importance for blockchain- based use-cases. Based on such investigations and more reliable numbers, and the development of the most influ- ential blockchain use-cases in practice, we will finally be in a position to decide whether or not the energy consumption of blockchain technology outweighs the savings in a specific scenario. Acknowledgements Open Access funding provided by Projekt DEAL. This work was supported by PayPal and the Luxembourg National Research Fund FNR (P17/IS/13342933/PayPal-FNR/Chair in DFS/Gilbert Fridgen. We also thank Andre ́ Luckow, Alexander Rieger, and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and support. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/. 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