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54 Suyitno, et al. /International Energy Journal 18 (2018) 53 – 60 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD The DSSCs sensitized by curcumin dyes have been developed. The DSSCs were constructed from fluorine- doped tin oxide (FTO), counter electrode, photo-anode layer, electrolyte salt, N719 dyes, and curcumin dyes. The materials used for synthesizing the FTO glass were tin(II)chloride (SnCl2.2H2O, Merck, Germany), ammonium fluoride (NH4F, Merck, Germany), and ethanol (96%, Merck, Germany). The materials mixed and deposited onto glass by a spray pyrolysis method [16]. The produced FTOs have the sheet resistance of 20 Ω/cm2 and the transmittance of 75%. The counter electrode was fabricated by sputtering the platinum on to FTO glass. The target which is the coating material (platinum), was placed in the direction of the substrate in a vacuum chamber with a pressure of 9.5 × 10−5 Torr. The gas carrier used was argon and kept at a pressure of 4 × 10−3 Torr before entering the vacuum chamber. The potential difference between the target and the FTO substrate is 404 Volts with a current of 125 mA. High voltage differences under low pressure conditions pushed the argon gas to shoot atoms on the platinum surface. The atoms lead to FTO substrate having a potential difference opposite to platinum. Therefore, the platinum atoms sticked on to the surface of the FTO substrate. The substrate was rotated at a rotational speed of 5 rpm to produce a uniform deposition. Sputtering process was done for 20 minutes. Meanwhile, the materials used to manufacture the photo-anode layer were TiO2 (nanopowder, 21 nm, Sigma-Aldrich) and ethyl alcohol (96%, Merck, Germany). The photo-anode semiconductor layer was made of TiO2 (Nano powder, 21 nm Sigma-Aldrich) with a screen printing method. TiO2 of 0.5 g and ethanol of 0.4 ml were mixed, stirred, and formed to a paste solution. The thickness of the photo-anode semiconductor layer on the FTO glass is 20 μm. Furthermore, the TiO2 layer was attached onto the FTO. The sintering process was then conducted at a temperature of 450°C for 2 hours to enable the interlock bonding between the FTO and TiO2 semiconductors. The photo-anode layer attached on the FTO glass with an active area of 1 cm x 1 cm was soaked in the curcumin-dye solution for 24 hours at room temperature. The materials used for the electrolyte salt were 2.1 Curcumin The curcumin was extracted from turmeric roots with ethanol (96%, Merck, Germany) as a solvent. The turmeric powder and ethanol with a ratio of 1:7 were extracted using maceration method for 7 hours at a temperature of 70°C followed by thickening in a rotary www.rericjournal.ait.ac.th vacuum evaporator. The result of extraction process is curcumin extract. Next process is to isolate curcumin compound by using a column chromatography filled with silica gel as explained in the previous procedures [17]. The mixture of chloroform and ethanol at a ratio of 95:5 was dripped in the chromatography column followed by a separation based on polarity level indicated by the color difference. The extracted curcumin exhibits a reddish yellow color. The curcumin was then separated from its solvent by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The curcumin dye for DSSCs has a concentration of 8 g/100 ml. The characterization of dyes was performed by UV-1800 UV-Vis Rayleigh, FTIR IR Prestige-21 Shimadzu, and cyclic voltammetry μAUTOLAB TYPE II Ω Metrohm. 2.2 Assembly of DSSCs The FTO glass coated with a photo-anode semiconductor layer that has been soaked into the curcumin-dye solution was then assembled with a counter electrode. FTO glass and counter electrode were separated by a 35 μm seal. The electrolytes were injected into DSSCs through the hole made in counter electrode glass. 2.3 Performance Tests to Investigate the Efficiency and Stability of DSSCs The assembled DSSCs were examined their performance by using a solar simulator of a light 1000 W/m2 irradiance. For testing the stability and performance, five DSSCs and curcumin-dyes were subjected to a light and heat treatment at temperature of 50°C for 100 hours and 200 hours. Each 100 hours, the current and voltage of the DSSCs were measured by using a digital sourcemeter (Keithley 2602A). The current and voltage were calculated from the average of five DSSCs. 2.4 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FT-IR Spectroscopy, and Cyclic Voltammetry Test UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry test were performed to measure the absorbance, functional groups, and energy level for every 100 hours treatment of curcumin-dyes, respectively. sodium iodide (NaI, 99.95% pure, Merck), iodide (I , 2 2.5 Fill Factor and Efficiency of DSSCs 99.95% pure, Merck), and tungstophosphoric acid hydrate (H3O40PW12·xH2O, Merck). Electrolytes used in this study is composed of NaI of 3.3 g, I2 of 523.875 mg, HPA of 5.481 mg, and acetonitrile of 30 ml. NaI was dissolved into acetonitrile and stirred for 15 minutes. Afterwards, I2 was added into the solution, stirred for 15 minutes, followed by adding HPA, and stirred again for 4 hours. 𝑆𝐶 efficiency (𝜂) were calculated from the current-voltage The open-circuit voltage (𝑉 ) , short-circuit photocurrent density (𝐽 ) , fill𝑂𝐶factor (𝐹𝐹) , and curve of the DSSCs. The point of maximum power (𝑃 ) is the maximum value of the product of 𝑀𝑃𝑃 the current and voltage. Therefore, FF was calculated as follows [18] 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉 × 𝐽 (1) 𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝑉×𝐽 𝑂𝐶 𝑆𝐶 The efficiency of solar cells to convert solar energy power (𝑃 ) generated from DSSC to power emitted 𝑀𝑃𝑃 into electrical energy is defined as the ratio of maximum from solar simulator in the active region of a DSSC [19].PDF Image | Curcumin-Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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