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Molecules 2014, 19 20103 Gold nanoparticle-based curcumin formulations have been prepared and reported recently. Gold nanoparticles find application in biology and medicine, for drug delivery, diagnosis and cancer treatment [108–111]. In a simple method, curcumin-gold composites were prepared by mixing alkaline curcumin solutions with gold salts, where the ionized curcumin acts both as a reducing agent and also as the capping agent [108]. In this case, both the phenolic-OH and enolic-OH donate hydrogen for reduction of Au3+ ions (Figure 3). Such gold-curcumin conjugates were reported to be hemocompatible and non-toxic. Singh et al. [109] also prepared gold-curcumin conjugates by mixng the gold salt with curcumin at high temperature. Such conjugates have been reported to exhibit antixodiant activity by DPPH assay. In another study, curcumin was first conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA) and this conjugate is treated with gold salt, where HA acted as the reductant [110]. These gold-HA-curucmin composites were biocompatible and exhibited more cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines than pure curcumin. Other gold-curcumin composites were also prepared by conventional methods employing sodium citrate as reducing agent and polymeric systems as capping agents. Such systems can also be employed for the delivery of curcumin [111]. Figure 3. Gold nanoparticles capping by curcumin molecules. OCH3 -O O H3CO O O Au NP H3CO -O O O H3CO O Curucmin-nanoconjugates of cobalt and silver nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity [112,113]. New antimicrobial films are being fabricated with silver nanocomposites along with curcumin for potentially treating microbial infections. Recently magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are attracting the attention of researchers. MNP, mostly of iron oxide, are used as drug delivery systems and MRI contrasting agents [114–117]. They can be targeted magnetically and applied for local hyperthermia. Recently a few reports on preparation and charactirisation of MNP-curucmin conjugates are reported [114–117]. They have also been evaluated for diagnosis and anticancer activity. MNP is coated with pluronic polymers or other biopolymers to load hydrophobic drugs like curcumin (Figure 4). MNP-curucmin can be magnetically and selectively accumulated in cancer cells. In one such study, Yellapu et al. [115–117] prepared curcumin-loaded MNPs modified with cyclodextrin and reported inhibition effects in ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer cells and also in human pancreatic xenografts. MNP-curucmin has been found to cause apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines along with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS production. MNP-curucmin improved the serum bioavailability by 2.5-fold. The formulation showed good MRI imaging characteristics. MNP formulations along with porous silicaPDF Image | Curcumin: From Extraction to Therapeutic Agent
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