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Zhao et al Dovepress Figure 5 Main effects plot for particle size. According to the slopes of the lines in Figure 5, the order of importance of the factors affecting particle size can be summarized as follows: B . A . D . C. Within the range of parameters studied, particle size increased with increased temperature or flow rate of solution, and decreased precipi- tation pressure. The effect of concentration of the solution alone on particle size was not significant, and decreasing the concentration can reduce the particle size of curcumin nanoparticles slightly. effect of precipitation pressure As shown in Figure 5, an increase in the precipitation pres- sure induced a reduction in the particle size of curcumin. Runs 3 and 4 (Table 2) show that increasing the pressure Table 3 Estimated effects and coefficients for particle size (nm) (coded units) from 10 to 20 Mpa led to a decrease in the particle size of curcumin nanoparticles from 694 to 337 nm. This trend was also observed in the morphology of curcumin nanoparticles shown in Figure 3C and D. Zhao et al also reported a similar phenomenon.23 The nucleation and growth mechanism induced by super- saturation can be used to explain the result. In the SEDS process, mutual diffusion between the liquid solution and scCO2 resulted in phase separation and supersaturation of the solution, thus leading to the nucleation and precipitation of particles. Lower supersaturation ratios resulted in fewer nuclei, which in turn yielded larger particles. An increase in pressure led to an increase in the CO2 density and mole fraction, thereby enhancing the antisolvent effect of scCO2. Therefore, supersaturation within the liquid phase was more quickly reached, preventing the crystals from growing and inducing the formation of particles of smaller size.24 effect of precipitation temperature Figures 4 and 5 show that precipitation temperature significantly influenced particle size, and increasing the temperature causes an increase in the particle size of curcumin nanoparticles. Runs 5 and 7 (Table 2) indicated that an increase in temperature from 35°C to 45°C would result in an increase in the size of curcumin nanoparticles from 547 to 1,024 nm. These International Journal of Nanomedicine 2015:10 ° ) Term constant Pressure (MPa) Temperature (°c) Flow rate of solution (ml/min) concentration (%) Effect Coef SE coef T 0.5011 0.01552 32.29 -0.2064 -0.1032 0.01552 -6.65 0.2152 0.1076 0.01552 6.93 0.1539 0.0770 0.01552 4.96 -0.0152 -0.0076 0.01552 -0.49 P 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.631 Abbreviations: T, temperature; P, pressure; Coef, coefficient; SE coef, standard error coefficient. 3176 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com DovepressPDF Image | curcumin nanoparticles via dispersion by supercritical cO2
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