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Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 217 8 of 11 cell-covered area, and it is directly related to cell number, cell proliferation, cell size and morphology, cell viability and attachment forces [56,57]. Table 2. Concentrations of nanoliposomes and chitosan corresponding to 5, 12, and 20 μM of curcumin. Concentration 1 2 3 Curcumin 20 μM 12 μM 5 μM Nanoliposomes 1.1 mg/mL 0.66 mg/mL 0.28 mg/mL Chitosan 0.37 mg/mL 0.22 mg/mL 0.09 mg/mL Control wells were composed of different concentrations of curcumin solubilized in ethanol, and curcumin-free nanoliposomes. Impedance was measured every 15 min to continuously monitor cell growth. 4. Conclusions In summary, we extracted lecithin from natural marine (salmon) and vegetable (rapeseed and soya) sources. These formulations were used to produce liposomes, which were loaded with curcumin and coated with chitosan. Liposomal formulations were characterized to determine their morphological and physicochemical properties. Coating nanoliposomes with chitosan increased their size, changed their charge from negative to positive and achieved a higher encapsulation efficiency of curcumin. Growth-inhibition assays on MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed an increase in growth-inhibition when concentrated liposome formulations were loaded with curcumin or coated with chitosan. As mentioned before, curcumin, in its free form, has limited clinical efficacy as it is weakly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The liposomes increase the bioavailability of curcumin and the chitosan coating increases its circulation time. These findings show the potential of marine- and plant-derived coated nanoliposomal formulations as controlled drug delivery systems for breast cancer treatment. The next steps should be to check if this growth-inhibitory effect is caused by the inhibition of the cells’ proliferation or the cells’ death, and to study these formulations on other breast cancer cell types, such as SKBR3 and MDA-MB231, before progressing to in vivo studies. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.H. and N.B.; Methodology, M.H., N.B., C.K. and M.L.; Software, M.H. and K.E.; Validation, M.B.-H., E.A.-T. and M.L.; Formal Analysis, M.H., and K.E.; Investigation, M.H. and K.E.; Resources, E.A.-T. and M.L.; Data Curation, M.H. and K.E.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, M.H. and K.E.; Writing-Review & Editing, K.E., M.B.-H., A.T. and E.A.-T.; Visualization, K.E., C.K. and E.A.-T.; Supervision, M.L. and E.A.-T.; Project Administration, M.L. and E.A.-T.; Funding Acquisition, M.L. and E.A.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: M.H. acknowledges support from the Syrian Ministry of Higher Education and Aleppo-University. K.E. acknowledges support from the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Saengkrit, N.; Saesoo, S.; Srinuanchai, W.; Phunpee, S.; Ruktanonchai, U.R. Influence of curcumin-loaded cationic liposome on anticancer activity for cervical cancer therapy. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2014, 114, 349–356. [CrossRef] 2. Said, D.E.; El Samad, L.M.; Gohar, Y.M. Validity of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 111, 545–554. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Mirzaei, H.; Masoudifar, A.; Sahebkar, A.; Zare, N.; Sadri Nahand, J.; Rashidi, B.; Mehrabian, E.; Mohammadi, M.; Mirzaei, H.R.; Jaafari, M.R. MicroRNA: A novel target of curcumin in cancer therapy. J. Cell Physiol. 2018, 233, 3004–3015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Growth-Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Encapsulating Curcumin
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