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Molecules 2021, 26, 1516 3 of 13 Table 1. Box-Behnken experimental design and operational conditions represented in accordance of dimensional and dimensionless independent variables t (time, min) (X1); P (power, W) (X2), R (ratio w/v, g/mL) (X3) and experimental response (extraction yield by microwave-assisted extraction, YC-MAE ). Experiments Independent Variables t (min) P (W) R (g/mL) Normalized Variables X1 X2 X3 Extraction Yield YC-MAE % 9.50 8.59 4.00 5.58 6.92 7.06 7.41 4.48 9.35 6.12 10.84 3.03 9.27 1 202001:8000 2 301501:81 −1 0 3 302001:5101 4 10 150 1:8 −1 −1 0 5 302501:8110 6 10 200 1:5 −1 01 7 10 200 1:20 −1 0 −1 8 202501:2001−1 9 202001:8000 10 10 250 1:8 −1 10 11 20 150 1:20 0 −1 −1 12 202501:5011 13 302001:2010−1 14 202001:8000 9.47 15 201501:50 −1 1 6.77 Table 2. Regression coefficients and statistical parameters of the optimization of Curcuma longa L. oil extraction by MAE. Coefficients b0 b1 b2 b3 b12 b13 b23 b11 b22 b33 R2 F-exp F-critical Significance level (%) YC-MAE 9.44 0.32 −1.40 a −1.39 a −0.55 −1.23 0.66 −0.99 −1.65 b −1.51 0.82 2.55 0.16 84.24 F-critical for nine degrees of freedom. a Significant coefficients at the 95% confidence level. b Significant coefficients at the 90% confidence level. Concerning the regression coefficients, the variables microwave power, Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio and the quadratic of power significantly influenced the oil extraction yield (Table 2). Power and Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio showed an influence with a confidence interval of 95%, while in the case of quadratic power it was 90%. Through the obtained regression coefficients, the second-degree polynomial equation for the extraction yield has been calculated as shown below: YC-MAE % = 9.44 + 0.32X1 − 1.40X2 − 1.39X3 − 0.99X12 − 0.55X1X2 − 1.23X1X3 − 1.65X22 + 0.66X2X3 − 1.51X32 (1) 2.1.2. Effect of Independent Variables on Extraction Yield Response As shown in Table 1 the extraction yields of Curcuma longa L. oils were found to be in the range of 3.03% (exp.12) and 10.84% (exp.11). The surface plot (Figure 1A–C) presents the interactions between the independent variables (t, P and R) and the extraction yield of Curcuma longa L. oil by MAE (YC-MAE).PDF Image | Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Curcuma
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