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Molecules 2021, 26, 1516 5 of 13 Figure 1A shows the influence of the independent variables microwave power (X2) and Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio (X3) on the extraction yield for a fixed extraction time at a mean value (X1 = 0). This surface plot shows how the extraction yield increases when P (X2) and R (X3) decrease. In this design, the extraction yield reaches a maximum when microwave power (X2) is around 155 W and Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio approximately 1:20. However, these parameters rise above these values when yield de- creases which reaffirms the negative quadratic effect of P2 (Table 2). As listed in Table 2, these two independent variables have an influence on the model. Figure 1B displays the extraction yield as a function of time (X1) and Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio (X3) keeping the microwave power constant at a midpoint value (X2 = 0). The progressive decrease of Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio and the increase of extraction time resulted in a positive effect on the extraction yield of Curcuma longa L. oil. The extraction yield obtained a maximum value at around 10%, when high reaction time and a minimum amount of Curcuma longa L. powder were used. Figure 1C presents the response surface for extraction yield as a dependence of reaction time (X1) and microwave power (X2) for a fixed value of Curcuma longa L. powder/EtOH ratio (X3 = 0). This curve discloses a highest extraction yield when the extraction time increases and the microwave power is decreases. This trend is explained by the linear and quadratic negative contribution of power (Table 2). 2.1.3. Comparison of MAE and Soxhlet Extraction Yields The objective of the BBD experimental design was to optimize the different extraction conditions i.e., extraction time, microwave power and Curcuma longa L. powder to obtain the maximum extraction yield of Curcuma longa L. oil. The expected optimum point values were calculated using Statgraphics Centurion XV software and experimentally verified in triplicate in order to validate the model (Table 3). Table 3. The dimensionless and dimensional optimum points and the predicted and experimental extraction yield by microwave-assisted extraction (YC-MAE) and the extraction yield by the Soxhlet method (YC-S). The experimental extraction yields were mean ± standard deviation of three replications (n = 3). X1 (t, min) 0.99 (29.99) X2 (P, W) −0.79 (160.41) MAE X3 (R, g/mL) −0.99 (1:20) Y % (Predict Value) 10.92 YC-MAE % (Experimental Value) 10.32 ± 0.69 Soxhlet YC-S % (Experimental Value) 8.44 ± 0.17 As listed in Table 3, the optimum extraction yield obtained experimentally was 10.32 ± 0.69%, while the predicted extraction yield calculated by the software was of 10.92%. The proximity of these two values confirms the validation of this BBD design. This optimum extraction yield of 10.32 ± 0.69% was attained using 1:20 g/mL ratio of Curcuma longa L./EtOH for 30 min and with a microwave power of 160 W. From the Soxhlet extraction technique, a yield value of 8.44 ± 0.17% was obtained (Table 3) using 5 g of Curcuma longa L. in 150 mL ethanol for 6 h. Vijayan et al., obtained similar Curcuma aromatic extraction yield (7.48%) by using the same extraction technique and solvent [24]. Priyanka et al., observed lower extraction yields of Curcuma longa (5.95%) using a non-polar solvent like n-hexane for 24 h [25]. Comparing the MAE with the conventional Sohxlet technique (Table 3), the first technique showed better extraction yield of Curcuma longa L. oil together with a reduction of the extraction time (from 6 h with Sohxlet method to 30 min with MAE) and lower energy consumption. Wakte and co-authors, compared different techniques such as ultra- sound, Soxhlet, supercritical CO2 and MAE, they have observed high extraction yields of curcuminoid compounds with shorter times using the MAE technique [17].PDF Image | Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Curcuma
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