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Molecules 2021, 26, 1516 7 of 13 extraction techniques such as hydro-distillation, different supercritical fluids and especially the use of CO2 with co-solvents [3,18,20,28]. Table 4. Curcuma longa L. oil composition evaluated by GC/MS. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Component α-curcumene Zingiberene β-Sesquiphellandrene ar-Tumerol p-Cymene Zingiberenol 3-Ethyl-N-methylaniline MAE Soxhlet RT (min) 18.8993 19.1654 19.7684 20.8592 21.3293 21.6929 21.8436 22.3935 22.4555 22.7482 22.9788 23.1473 23.6439 24.0519 25.6861 25.8699 A (%) 0.55 0.35 0.65 0.74 1.52 0.26 0.51 RT (min) 18.8991 19.1652 19.7682 20.859 21.329 21.7725 21.8434 22.3933 22.4553 22.7657 22.9786 23.1471 23.6437 24.0516 24.6902 A (%) 0.92 0.54 0.95 0.84 1.48 0.32 0.44 37.08 18.15 0.25 19.22 0.50 1.00 2.38 0.94 0.67 ar-Turmerone 33.78 Tumerone 20.12 Bisacurol 0.57 β-Tumerone 20.05 (Z)-α-Atlatone (6R, 7R)-bisabolone (E)-α-Atlatone (o)-Paradol 2-Cyclohenen-1-one,6-[(1S)- 1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-4-hexen-1- yl]-3-methyl-(6S) 0.52 0.96 3.01 0.66 0.68 A: Area; RT: retention time; MAE: Microwave-Assisted Extraction S: Soxhlet. 16 25.8697 2.2.2. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Table 5 shows the TPC and antioxidant activity data of the Curcuma longa L. oils obtained at the optimum point of the experimental design with the MAE and with the conventional Soxhlet extraction. Table 5. Results of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays) of the Curcuma longa L. oil extraction by MAE (microwave-assisted extraction technique) and Soxhlet. Values were mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Superscript letters represent significant differences (Duncan’s test, p < 0.05) between each assay with the two extraction methods. TPC (mg GAE/g) DPPH (mg TE/g) FRAP (mg TE/g) ABTS (mg TE/g) MAE 232.75 ± 0.31 a 64.71 ± 0.49a 255.66 ± 0.24 a 79.82 ± 0.03 b Soxhlet 140.72 ± 0.42 b 49.00 ± 0.33 b 73.37 ± 0.18 b 71.42 ± 0.04 a GAE: gallic acid equivalents; TE: Trolox equivalent. Interestingly, these data show that at the optimal point with MAE technique, higher phenolic compound content were obtained when compared with the Soxhlet method: 232.75 ± 0.31 and 140.72 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g Curcuma longa L. extracted oil for MAE and Soxhlet, respectively. These results were higher than those obtained by de Carvalho and co-authors (5018 mg GAE/100 g), that extracted Curcuma longa L. oil by supercritical fluid method with CO2 and EtOH as co-solvent [29]. Patil et al., obtained similar values for turmeric extraction by using the Soxhlet method (143.67 mg GAE/g) [30]. The lower TPC with Soxhlet may be due to: (i) the long exposure (6 h) of the sample to high temperatures (solvent boiling temperature) and consequently degradation of the sample [31]; and (ii) the different of MAE and Soxhlet process; i.e., the electromagnetic field generated in the MAE method induced high pressures leading to the cell walls disruption allowing a better diffusion of the substances [32,33]. Similar trends were reported by Sánchez-Reinoso and co-authors, who used the MAE and Soxhlet extraction method for the extraction of Sacha inchi shell extracts [32]. Also, Pan et al., observed the same fact whenPDF Image | Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Curcuma
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