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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 5 of 36 form triangular and octagonal structures (Figure 3). The large band gap (i.e., >1 eV) of TMDCs make them an ideal material for modern bioelectronics [26]. Figure 3. Overall structure of TMDs: (a) Three-dimensional representation of TMDCs structure; and (b) Top view of monolayers constructed from octahedral and triangular prismatic coordination (Re- printed with permission from ref. [22]. 2019, Elsevier). BP, the most stable allotrope of phosphorus, is another class of 2D material that is ex- pected to be promising candidate for a wide range of biomedical applications. BP was first synthesized by Bridgman in 1914, and after a century, once again attracted the attention of researchers as a promising member of the 2DNMs family [27]. In contrast to TMDs with indi- rect bandgaps, BP has a direct bandgap of about 0.3 eV (bulk structure) to 2.0 eV (monolayered structure). Therefore, due to broadband absorption from the visible to mid-infrared region of electromagnetic waves, BP is suitable for many optoelectronic applications [28]. Each layer of the phosphorus atoms in BP is connected to three adjacent atoms, forming a stable loop struc- ture with an interlayer distance of ~5 Å (Figure 4). There are two types of P-P bonds inside the crystal lattice: (i) the P–P bond in the same plane with bond length 2.224 Å and bond angle with 96.3°; (ii) P-P bond in a different plane with bond length 0.2244 nm and bond angle with 102.10° [29]. The single layers of BP show two kinds of P–P bonds with different bond lengths, thereby BP is divided into armchair and zigzag type according to the shape. This causes the anisotropy of the crystal structure of BP (Figure 3b) [30]. Figure 4. Crystalline structure of BP: (a) atomic structure of BP; (b) top view of the lattice of single- layer BP. (Reprinted with permission from ref. [29]. 2019, Elsevier).PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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