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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 10 of 36 Figure 8. Exfoliation and mechanical approaches for 2DNMs preparation: (a) Schematic representa- tion of the scotch tape exfoliation method to produce graphene. Steps (i) to (iii) are repeated until the graphite is reduced to a thin layer of graphene on the substrate (Reprinted with permission from ref. [51]. 2020, MYU K.K.); (b) Schematic representation of the main liquid exfoliation mechanisms: (i) ion intercalation; (ii) ion exchange; (iii) sonication-assisted exfoliation; (iv) electrochemical exfo- liation (Reprinted with permission from ref. [25]. 2017, Elsevier); (c) (i) Images of the shear mixer; (ii) graphic representation of shearing steps (Reprinted with permission from ref. [52]. 2018, Amer- ican Chemical Society). The thinning process of bulk crystals can also be achieved with the help of a chemical or an electrochemical exfoliation method. The chemical exfoliation process involves the use of ultrasound to insert intercalators between the layers of bulk crystals (Figure 8b). Intercalators include acid/base compounds, oxidizing agents, functional molecules and inorganic salts, of which the most common are organometallic compounds such as butyl lithium [53]. In the procedure of electrochemical exfoliation, bulk and intercalant materi- als are placed at the anode and cathode pole of the battery, respectively. Then, by applying an electrochemical bias, the ions can be intercalated into an interlayer of bulk material,PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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