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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 18 of 36 these MoS2 nanosheets can significantly influence their PA effect. They reveal that reduc- ing the number of layers in the nanosheets from M-MoS2 to S-MoS2 can result in outstand- ing enhancement in NIR absorbance, improvement in the elastic properties and excellent biocompatibility and production of a reinforced PA signal. These favorable features offer benefits of exploitation of single-layered MoS2 in PA imaging probes. In vitro experiments of the prepared MoS2 nanosheets indicate that intravenous injection of S-MoS2 to U87 gli- oma cells of mice results in significantly efficient brain tumor cell detection. Moreover, the high atomic number and the excellent X-ray attenuation capability of transition metal in TMD nanostructures make them a desirable substitute in CT imaging techniques as con- trast agents [104]. Yin and co-workers designed the chitosan functionalized MoS2 (MoS2- CS) nanosheets as a contrast agent of CT imaging. These chitosan modified MoS2 nanosheets demonstrated prominent signal enhancement with an increase in the concen- tration of the agents in CT images of mice [105]. Another class of highly potential 2D nanomaterials in imaging technologies is topo- logical insulators (TIs). Among different type of 2D TIs, Bi2Se3 nanosheets due to their high NIR absorption, bioactivity and biocompatibility have become more prominent in biomedical applications such as bioimaging. Xie and co-workers have proposed admin- istration of two Bi2Se3 nanosheets with different sizes (30 and 80 nm) for optical diagnostic and photothermal therapy [106]. Their findings suggest that both Bi2Se3 nanosheets have favorable performance in all investigated features such as photoacoustic effect, optical ab- sorption and NIR photothermal. Nevertheless, the smaller one (Bi2Se3 with 30 nm size) shows better performance which makes it a more suitable candidate for bioimaging tech- niques (Figure 10). Figure 10. Imaging applications of 2DNMS: (a) photoacoustic images of the two Bi2Se3 nanosheets (30 and 80 nm) with same absorbance intensities of 0.3 at 808 nm; (b) photoacoustic images of the two Bi2Se3 nanosheets in aqueous solution with different concentrations from 0 to 250 ppm; (c) eval- uation of NIR photoacoustic performance of the two Bi2Se3 nanosheets in form of studies of photo- acoustic signal intensities in different concentrations (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]).PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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