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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 27 of 36 schematic of the fabrication process of the BP@SF and its application for wound healing of mouse skin; (d) morphology of the bacteria after BP@SF treatment with NIR irradiation; (e) in vivo PTT photographs of E. coli infected skin wounds after BP@SF treatment with NIR irradiation (Reprinted with permission from ref. [138]. 2018, American Chemical Society); (f) schematic diagram of modi- fication method of Sb NSs and light therapy of mice under multiple imaging guidelines (Reprinted with permission from ref. [139]. 2021, Wiley VCH); (g) schematic illustration of in vivo photothermal cancer ablation with TBGSs implantation and IR thermal images at BGS-implanted tumor (bottom) and TBGS-implanted tumor (top) sites of Saos-2 tumor-bearing mice under laser irradiation (Re- printed with permission from ref. [130]. 2020, Wiley VCH); (h) preparation process of MCH NPs and using MCH NPs for PAI-guided chemo/photothermal combinational tumor therapy (Reprinted with permission from ref. [142]. 2018, American Chemical Society). In the mentioned study by Pan and co-workers, Ti3C2 MXene was applied to kill bone tumor via photothermal therapy before bone-tissue engineering process [130]. Composite 3D-printing bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds were integrated with Ti3C2 NSs called TBGS to achieve higher photothermal conversion efficiency in vivo. When TBGSs were exposed to an 808 nm laser irradiation for 10 min at a power density of 1.0 W cm−2, the equilibrium temperature increased from 55 to 65 °C within 10 min, while the temperature of BGS in the same condition did not remarkably increase. The high photothermal stability of the MXene-integrated composite was proven by five 3 min (on/off cycles) of laser irradiation with no obvious alteration of heating curves. Furthermore, after the Saos-2 cells (osteosar- coma cells) were incubated with TBGSs and irradiated by 808 nm laser, less than 40% of Saos-2 cells survived in the TBGS + laser group, revealing the ability of TBGS for efficiently killing cancer cells by photothermal ablation. In vivo photothermal tumor ablation study of TBGS was investigated using female BALB/c nude mice bearing Saos-2 bone tumor. Under NIR laser irradiation, the surface temperature of TBGSs-implanted tumors esca- lated to a temperature of 63 °C within 2 min, while BGSs-implanted tumors experienced a small increase to about 37 °C (Figure 14g). Moreover, the treated TBGSs-implanted tu- mors permanently, while in other treated groups the tumor began to grow continuously again after treatment. This shows that composite scaffold use provides the advantage of efficient photothermal conversion of 2D Ti3C2 MXene along with bone regeneration of BG scaffolds [130]. MOF can also be utilized for loading chemotherapeutics in photothermal therapy due to their super encapsulating property. In a study by Zhang and co-workers, curcumin was loaded on the ferric ion sites of MIL-100, followed by preparing polydopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-PDA)-coated MIL-100 to engineer stable MOF nanoparticles (MCH NPs) to promote photothermal conversional efficiency (Figure 14h) [139]. MCH NPs shows considerable absorbance at 808 nm compared to slight NIR absorbance of MIL-100. Therefore, MIL-100 revealed almost no temperature enhancement under 808 nm laser ir- radiation in 6 min, whereas after being loaded with curcumin, the MC NPs temperature reached as much as 38.9 °C, due to interaction among Fe3+ in MIL-100 structure and phenol groups in curcumin. The photothermal conversion efficiency of the MCH NPs was evalu- ated as 20.98% when PDA was applied. Since HA-PDA is detached at acidic pH, which increases drug release, it is expected that in the tumor environment, curcumin release is accelerated. The cytotoxicity of MCH NPs was evaluated in HeLa cells, CHO cells, A549 cells, and MRC-5 cells under 808 nm laser irradiation for 5 min. The cells exhibited much lower viability compared to nonirradiated cells, confirming the chemophotothermal com- binational therapy capability of MCH NPs. For in vivo photothermal analysis, the MCH NPs were injected into xenograft HeLa tumor-bearing mice, where the MCH NPs accu- mulated at the tumor site and achieved photoacoustic imaging-guided chemo-photother- mal combinational tumor therapy to accomplish tumor ablation compared to curcumin or MCH NPs tumor inhibition strength. Based on these findings, we can conclude that MOF hollow structure can be a host to accumulate chemotherapeutics and gradually release based on pH releasing mechanism in the tumor location [139].PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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