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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 30 of 36 minimizing the 2DNMs-induced adverse biological effect [146]. It is noteworthy that these investigations on the emerging 2DNMs such as TMDs and MXenes are fairly new, still in progress, and need more studies to achieve comprehensive understanding of their tox- icity. In particular, the focus of the recent research is mainly on short-term cytoxicity re- lated to application of these 2DNMs, whereas other impact factors on biosafety such as dispersibility, solubility, biodegradation, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and long-term cy- totoxicity are still to be explored [151,152]. 2DNMs beyond graphene have shown to have a high potential in theranostics appli- cations due to integrated capabilities of therapeutics and diagnostics in a single nanoplat- form. There is growing evidence that 2DNMs-based nanocomposites exhibit synergistic advantages in chemo, electro, and photo-therapies due to their ultrathin planar nanostruc- ture which provides numerous anchoring sites for therapeutic drug molecules [154]. For example, it is reported that Nb2C MXene nanosheets show improved chemo and photo- therapy through a second near infrared (NIR) window (i.e., 1000–1350 nm) demonstrating a higher tissue penetration depth ability than the first NIR window (i.e., 750–1000 nm) [155]. Unlike conventional chemotherapies, the Nb2C MXene based nanoplatforms guar- antee high drug-loading capacity (i.e., 32.57%) due to high active surface area. In fact, such high active surface area provides nanoengineering of 2D materials and cancer cell target- ing. 7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives Following the discovery of graphene as the first 2D material, other 2DNMs beyond graphene and its derivatives such as TMDs, TIs, phosphorene, antimonene, bismuthene, MOFs and very recently MXenes attracted intensive attention due to their unique physi- cochemical properties compared with graphene. In this paper, we have highlighted the most recent findings and progress on biomedical applications of 2DNMs beyond gra- phene. We have also reviewed the most promising platforms of 2DNMS for future bio- medical applications including bioelectronics, drug delivery, tissue engineering, imaging, and cancer therapy. Due to their particular optical properties, 2DNMs are promising na- noplatforms for NIR photothermal therapies. Although more systematic investigation is necessary, 2DNMs have demonstrated a high biocompatibility and suitability for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. In addition, development of novel surface functionalization approaches facilitated production of high water-soluble 2DNMs with enhanced biocompatibility and biodistribution. The biosafety and toxicity of 2DNMs is critically important and needs to be carefully investigated before any clinical translation. More systematic studies are needed to understand the long-term toxicity of each kind of 2DNMs. Although there are many unpredicted challenges ahead in the development of 2DNMs for practical biomedical applications, the unique physicochemical properties of 2DNMs enables development of intelligent structures that are multifunctional, adaptive, programmable, and biocompatible [19]. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.D., and A.A.A.; methodology, M.D., S.D., P.S., and A.A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.D., S.D., P.S., A.H., and A.A.A.; writing—review and editing, M.D., S.D., P.S., A.H., E.M., and A.A.A.; supervision, A.A.A.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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