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2 Research all of the other elements. Among them, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a wide bandgap III-V compound. It is a lay- ered material with a graphite-like structure in which planar networks of h-BN hexagons are regularly stacked. h-BN pos- sesses a high chemical stability, excellent physical properties, and a high thermal conductivity [20–23]. It is very similar to graphite, so that one may expect to prepare pure boron. In Sands’ work, the pure boron was first documented in 1957 and the bulk g-B106 with an extremely complicated structure was reported. Up to now, bulk boron is widely known to have more than 16 polymorphs, all featuring interlinked polyhedra but only a few having identified crystal structure [17]. Since boron locates between nonmetallic carbon and metallic beryllium, there are merely three valence electrons in boron: [He]2s22p1. The 2p electron and its orbit radius are near the 2s state, endowing it both metallicity and non- metallicity. In bulk boron, the particular electronic struc- ture empowers the formation of greatly diverse bonding and facilitates the extraordinary bond formation. 2D boron provides greater energy relief, compared to any other 2D materials [17, 24]. In 2015, the 2D boron sheet was successfully fabricated on argentum (Ag) substrates [25]. The study of borophene has attracted a lot of researchers in many fields, such as mate- rial science, nanotechnology, physics, chemistry, and con- densed matter [13, 26, 27]. “Borophene” is the potential new atom-thick boron nanosheets for the large-scale synthe- sis [28]. It is the lightest 2D material to date. Borophene is the neighbor of graphene, and thus, it is desired to possess some similar properties to graphene [29]. Both σ and π electrons in borophene occupy the electronic states of the Fermi surface, making it superconductive. There are no high pressure and external strain; borophene could have the highest Tc among the 2D materials. For 2D boron structures, the chemical and structural complexity, electronic properties, and stability have been studied extensively [27, 30, 31]. The mechanical properties of borophene are particularly interesting and important. Firstly, borophene has low mass density. Provided that its ideal strength and in-plane stiffness are satisfactorily high, borophene can be used as assist ele- ments for designing composites. Secondly, borophene is suitable for fabricating flexible nanodevices because of the high standards of flexibility against off-plane deformation [32–34]. Moreover, because of the powerfully anisotropic structure in borophene, its magnetic and electronic proper- ties can be effectively controlled for multiple applications [35–37]. As the boron atoms are rich in bonding configura- tions, borophene is polymorphic, further differentiating it from other 2D materials [38, 39]. The low mass density of boron also results in the strong electron-phonon coupling, within the scope of 10-20 K which causes phonon-mediated superconductivity with high critical temperature [40, 41]. In a word, borophene is rich in resources, has low atomic weight, is lightweight, is low cost, and has excellent electrical performances. These advantages of borophene provide it more possibilities for practical application in the future. Although borophene has many potential applications, the synthesis and discovery of its neoatomic structures with well-designed structure-property relationships retain among l Borophene Figure 1: Comprehensive overview diagram of borophene. the most severe challenges. In extra, for synthetic 2D mate- rials, the resulting atomic structure is influenced by multiple factors, such as the constituent elements, processing condi- tions, and growth substrates [7]. In order to realize practical applications, insured synthesis of quality specimens and the separation of borophenes from substrates remain challeng- ing, requiring continuing experimental and theoretical efforts [17]. In this review, we introduced the different experimen- tal fabrication methods, the physicochemical properties, and the latest applications of borophene (Figure 1). The experimental synthesis includes bottom-up fabrication and top-down fabrication. The physicochemical properties of borophene mainly contain the optical, electronic, semicon- ducting, photoacoustic and photothermal, and metallic prop- erties. Finally, we summarized the application of borophene in many fields, such as Li-S batteries, alkali metal ion batte- ries, and sensor and biomedical applications. 2. Theory and Properties 2.1. Optical Properties. The complex dielectric function of borophene benzene is εðωÞ = ε1 ðωÞ + iε2 ðωÞ, which deter- mines its optical properties. In the case of metals, the sum of interband and intraband components constitutes the dielectric tensor. We do not take into account factors other than visible regions and interband transitions, so the dielec- tric function in druid region (low frequency) (1), (2) may not be accurate. The imaginary part εαβðωÞ = 1 + ð2/πÞPÐ ∞ 10 ðεαβðω′Þω′/ω′2 − ω2 + iηÞdω′, ð2Þ of the mediation tensor is 2 confirmed by summing the empty band parts using (3). αβ2πe2cv cv2 ε2 ðωÞ= Ωε 〠δðEk −Ek −hωÞjhΨkju⋅rjΨkij : ð1Þ 0 k,v,c a c i t p B i o s e n s o c r i n O o r L t i - c S e l b a E t t e r i l e a e s m r A e l k h t a l & c m i s t e s A i t u p t r p i o l e l c i i a o c a p o n a o r t o b t P i h o P a t s t c e n v i r l i n l o i t e a c a s t F a e b r i M D e i c e g s n i t c u B d i n o o m c e i d m i c e a l S T p o p - u d o - w n m o t t o BPDF Image | Two-Dimensional Borophene
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