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348 Btu/kW-hr (39.4%) and a total capital cost of $1201/kW, based on 1988 dollars. Additional information on combined-cycle coal gasification systems is given references 58, 59, and 65. Tampa Electric’s 250-MW IGCC Polk Power Station began commercial operation in 1996. A website (ref. 65) indicates that the station is 10-12% more efficient than conventional coal-fired plants.Three dimensional views may be seen at the website. 9.4 Combustion in Fluidized Beds The need to develop environmentally sound methods for utilizing a variety of coals, industrial and municipal wastes, and other solids as fuels has stimulated research in a variety of areas. Another prominent and promising technology applicable to these goals is fluidized bed combustion (FBC). Atmospheric fluidized bed combustors (AFBCs) operate near atmospheric pressure; pressurized fluidized combustors (PFBCS) are enclosed in a pressure vessel and operate at a pressure of about 12 atmospheres. As the name suggests, a principal unique feature of this technology is that combustion takes place in a bed of solid particles supported in vigorous, turbulent motion on an upwardly directed stream of air. The bed may consist of a combination of particles of fuel, sand, ash, waste materials, limestone, and other compounds, depending on the function and design of the fluidized bed combustor. The key point is that these materials mingle and react in continually changing orientations, providing ample opportunity for intimate contact of fuel and oxidizer and for removal of combustion products, while supported on the fluidizing air stream. The name bubbling bed is sometimes used to decribe this action. It has been found that horizontal water tubes located within the fluidized bed, in crossflow to the upward air stream, experience very high heat transfer coefficients in comparison with those in normal furnace convective and radiative environments. It is even more important that fluidized beds containing coal and limestone produce combustion gases with both low sulfur content and low concentrations of oxides of nitrogen. Limestone reacts with sulfur in the coal to produce particles of calcium sulfate that are removed as bed materials are renewed. More specifically, the limestone, CaCO3, reacts to form CO2 and lime, CaO: CaCO3 => CaO + CO2 and the CaO reacts with the sulfate vapors: H2SO4 + CaO => CaSO4 + H2O. The calcium sulfate forms as a solid that becomes a bed material, and the water vapor passes off as a component of the flue gas.PDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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