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350 stream and possibly in a secondary over-fire air flow, that combustion is virtually complete. Flyash and other airborne particles are removed by centrifugal separators and baghouse filters. Solids from the separators may be reinjected into the bed to further ensure almost complete burnup of carbon. The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor (refs. 26 and 30) is one in which smaller solid bed materials are carried upward by the combustion air/gas stream. A return passage transports the unburnt and inert particles and part of the combustion gas back to the main furnace, allowing the remaining flue gas to pass to the heat-recovery area, as seen in Figure 9.12. The solid bed materials continue to burn as they circulate, thus maintaining an approximately uniform temperature of about 1550°F throughout the furnace. As a result, there is a long residence time for particles of the furnace to complete their reactions. A mechanical cyclone separator built into the furnace helps to separate the particles from the exiting flue gas. As a result, reinjection of the unburnt carbon makes possible very high combustion efficiencies. According to reference 26, CFB designs achieve higher combustion efficiency, reduced NOx emissions, minimum CO formation, and reduced limestone utilization in capturing SO2 when compared with bubbling fluidized bed combustors. Much continues to be learned about problems and opportunities inherent in fluidized bed combustion as more units come into use. In a December 1998 work (ref. 65), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposed a 379-MWe, pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustor combined-cycle plant with a net efficiency of 47%. 9.5 Energy Storage It has been observed that there is no existing means of storing electrical power on a large scale. As a consequence, power generation varies from instant to instant, to satisfy the immediate demands of consumers. Utility generation capacity must therefore be great enough to satisfy the peak demand, or the utility must purchase power at a premium from other utilities to make up its generation deficit. Demand varies from place to place, seasonally, daily, and hourly. For instance, the loads of utilities in the southern United States are usually greatest during hot summer days, when air conditioning and industrial demands coincide. As a result, southern utilities may have excess capacity at night and in the winter. It were possible to generate a full capacity during off-peak hours and store the energy in excess of demand, the utilities could operate with installed capacity below the demand peak and operate more units as base-load plants close to their high-efficiency design points.PDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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