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Off On: 12.5% duty cycle Off On: 25% duty cycle CL 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0 4 8 12 16 20 0.55 0.45 0.35 CL 0.25 0.15 0.05 -0.05 LOPERA ET AL. 1893 αα Coefficient of lift vs angle of attack; ensemble average of three Fig. 14 Coefficient of lift vs angle of attack; plasma actuators pulsed with a 25% duty cycle, F 1, andfmod 395 Hz; 30-deg windward- surface separation ramp. Fig. 12 separate tests; plasma actuators pulsed with a 12.5% duty cycle, F 1, and fmod 395 Hz; 20-deg windward-surface separation ramp. 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Off On: 12.5% duty cycle Off On: 12.5% duty cycle CL 0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.05 -0.05 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 α 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35 CL 0.25 0.15 0.05 -0.05 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 α Coefficient of lift vs angle of attack; plasma actuators pulsed Coefficient of lift vs angle of attack; plasma actuators pulsed Fig. 13 with a 12.5% duty cycle, F 1, and fmod 395 Hz. 30-deg windward- surface separation ramp. Fig. 15 with a 12.5% duty cycle, F 1, and fmod 395 Hz; 40-deg windward- surface separation ramp. separation ramp near the trailing edge of the windward surface as an effective AFC actuator capable of generating significant control forces. The next set of tests examined the control on a 30-deg windward- surface separation ramp. Figure 13 shows results for a 12.5% duty cycle plasma actuator mounted at the onset of a 30-deg windward- surface separation ramp. The effect of the controlled case (plasma on) is to decrease the lift coefficient. The plasma actuator decreases the lift coefficient by 2 to 15% over the range tested, compared with the baseline case. Results for a plasma actuator pulsed with a 25% duty cycle are shown in Fig. 14. The plasma actuator is more effective at a 25% duty cycle on the 30-deg separation ramp. The plasma actuator reduces the lift coefficient by 5 to 17% for the range tested. The separation over a 30-deg ramp is stronger than the separation observed over a 20-deg ramp. This stronger separation and increased adverse pressure gradient might explain the increased effectiveness of a longer duty cycle (25%) over a shorter (12.5%) duty cycle for the 30-deg separation ramp. Results for a 40-deg windward-surface separation ramp are shown in Figs. 15 and 16. Overall, the effect of the plasma actuators is reduced at this ramp angle. Results for a 12.5% duty cycle, shown in Fig. 15, show a decrease of 1 to 2% in the lift coefficient for > 14 deg. A similar trend is observed with a 25% duty cycle, shown in Fig. 16, in which the plasma actuator produces a decrease of 1.5 to 3% in the lift coefficient for > 16 deg. It is expected that a 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35 CL 0.25 0.15 0.05 -0.05 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 α Coefficient of lift vs angle of attack; plasma actuators pulsed Off On: 25% duty cycle Fig. 16 with a 25% duty cycle, F 1, and fmod 395 Hz; 40-deg windward- surface separation ramp.PDF Image | Aerodynamic Control Using Windward-Surface Plasma Actuators on a Separation Ramp
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