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20 Think:Act Aircraft Electrical Propulsion POWER ELECTRONICS In addition to generating quantities of power an order of magnitude larger than current aircraft, electrical- ly-propelled aircraft will need the power electronics to convert, switch and condition this power. As well as performing these functions with minimum electrical loss, the requisite power electronics will also need to operate with the minimum associated heat genera- tion. This factor is particularly important given the multi-MW electrical power systems that will be re- quired for regional and larger commercial aircraft and the resulting need to dump any surplus heat gen- erated. Conventional aircraft can currently use fuel as a reservoir to dump surplus heat, but this option will not be available in electrically-propelled aircraft. SAFE AND LIGHT HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION Transmitting large quantities of electrical power around an aircraft (e.g. from batteries or generators to motors providing propulsion) will ideally be done I at high voltages in order to minimise resistive losses; however, transmitting high power at high voltage will inevitably lead to the risk of insulation break- down and arcing given the limitations imposed by Paschen's Law. At the same time, long cable runs in configurations employing multiple propulsive fans distributed around the aircraft will add further weight, compounding the additional weight already required for on-board batteries. Two alternative perspectives help to understand the gap between current technology and what will be re- quired for Electrical Propulsion. First, the cumulative ef- fect of inefficiencies in the electrical power chain suggest that over 10% of power would be lost in the generator, power electronics (rectifier, circuit protection and in- verter), cabling and motor. At this level of loss, a hy- brid-electric architecture is considerably less efficient than a conventional high bypass ratio turbo-fan engine, so fuel-burn on a hybrid-electric aircraft would, ceteris paribus, be worse. I EFFICIENCY LOSSES IN THE ELECTRICAL POWER CHAIN FOR HYBRID-ELECTRIC APPLICATIONS Current electrical power chain inefficiencies remain, so hybrid-electric is unviable except in niche applications. 100% -4.0% -1.0% -0.4% -0.5% -1.0% -4.0% 89.1% Output from Generator gas turbine losses Rectifier losses Cabling losses Circuit protection losses Inverter losses Motor losses Efficiency Fan pre-fan losses Total efficiency Source: NASA, Roland BergerPDF Image | Aircraft Electrical Propulsion The Next Chapter of Aviation 2017
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