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Figures Figure 1: Evolution of Aircraft Technology ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 2: (Left) Commercial aviation CO2 emissions (right scale) compared to overall anthropogenic CO2 emissions (left scale), broken down into industrial emissions (fossil fuel and cement) and land use change (LUC) (from [2]); (Right) Commercial aviation CO2 emissions compared to overall anthropogenic CO2 emissions .................................................................. 10 Figure 3: Schematic CO2 emissions reduction roadmap................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4: Timeline of expected future fuel efficiency improvements compared to predecessor aircraft or engine of the same category, details are given in Chapters 2 and 3.................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 5: Expected sequence of future aircraft generations in different seat categories, including recent indications on new developments (based on [22])..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 6: The NASA TRL Meter [23] ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 7: A340 Laminar Flow BLADE demonstrator first flight ........................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 8: Improved efficiency levels of Rolls-Royce Trent engine generations from the Trent 800 onwards............................... 19 Figure 9: Ultra-High Bypass Ratio engine design (Safran UHBR Clean Sky project)................................................................................ 19 Figure 10: GE9X engine design ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 11: Aircraft landing gear with Safran Electric Green Taxiing System .............................................................................................. 20 Figure 12: Potential timeframes for the availability of analyzed aircraft and engine concepts for airliners ................................... 21 Figure 13: Strut-braced Wing with Open Rotor designed by NASA/Boeing............................................................................................... 22 Figure 14: Blended Wing Body designed by DLR ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 15: NASA X-plane: Blended Wing Body designed by Boeing ............................................................................................................. 22 Figure 16: NASA X-plane: Blended Wing Body designed by DZYNE ............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 17: Insertion of a T-plug to grow the capacity of a BWB (from [39]) ................................................................................................ 23 Figure 18: Flying-V aircraft concept developed by TU Delft in collaboration with KLM......................................................................... 23 Figure 19: NASA X-plane: Double-bubble designed by Aurora Flight Sciences....................................................................................... 24 Figure 20: Parsifal Box-wing design .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 21: Shape Memory Alloy technology designed by NASA.................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 22: Morphing Wing technology designed by NASA/MIT...................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 23: Safran Counter-Rotating Open Rotor developed in Clean Sky .................................................................................................. 25 Figure 24: Propulsive Fuselage concept by Bauhaus Luftfahrt, integrating boundary layer ingestion and airframe wake filling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 25: CENTRELINE technology concept for fuselage wake-filling propulsion integration.......................................................... 26 Figure 26: Share of electricity from CO2-free primary energies (renewable plus nuclear) for two policy-driven scenarios (from [55])............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Figure27:Electricpropulsionarchitectures [56]................................................................................................................................................27 Figure 28: Step-by-step approach in the penetration of electrically-powered aircraft into the market.......................................... 28 Figure 29: E-Fan X Technology designed by Airbus ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 30: Hybrid-Electric Aircraft designed by Zunum..................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 31: NASA X-plane: STARC-ABL design ...................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 32: Wright Electric battery-powered aircraft concept with distributed propulsion ................................................................... 30 Figure 33: Ce-Liner Aircraft designed by Bauhaus Luftfahrt............................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 34: NASA Turboelectric Blended Wing Body ........................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 35: Outlook for Electric Propulsion Market (optimistic view).............................................................................................................. 31 Figure 36: Technology scenarios T1 to T4: Selected technologies for each seat category and aircraft generation................. 37 Figure 37: IATA 2017 long-term air traffic forecast............................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 38: Fleet forecast modelling, based on the IATA DOWN scenario................................................................................................... 38 5PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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