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Figure 11: Aircraft landing gear with Safran Electric Green Taxiing System • Fuel cells produce electric energy from oxygen from ambient air and gaseous hydrogen. They are environmentally friendly as they generate neither noise nor pollutant emissions, only clean water. Fuel cells could replace the APU and power various onboard systems such as engine start-up, ventilation, flight controls, lighting, ovens for meals and in-flight entertainment. They can robustly operate over the duration of a long-haul flight in all flight conditions. Safran is currently working on the development of this technology, which is expected to be ready for commercial flight applications by 2019-2020. Depending on operational conditions, fuel savings are predicted to be between 1 and 5% [30]. It has to be considered, however, that fuel cells require a regular supply of hydrogen as a fuel. Therefore, the implementation of fuel cells for onboard power supply in future aircraft will be likely only once a worldwide hydrogen supply structure is being built up as a clean energy source for various industry sectors. With the current progress in renewable energies, this may well happen within the next decade. Evolutionary Technologies – Outlook The fuel efficiency improvement potential of conventional tube-and-wing plus turbofan aircraft configurations is likely to significantly reduce in the coming decades. Nevertheless, the improvement estimated to be achievable by the cumulation of various different technologies is still considerable. A study by NASA in the framework of their Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) [34] shows that tube-and-wing configurations equipped with technologies such as active laminar flow, riblets, adaptive trailing edge and ultra-high bypass or geared turbofan engines, reach over 40% improvement compared to a 2005 best-in-class baseline aircraft. The fuel efficiency difference between the best evolutionary and the first generation of revolutionary aircraft configurations (see Chapter 3) would be in the order of only 5%. However, it must be considered that the revolutionary configurations have further development potential well beyond 2050. 20PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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