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Figure 22: Morphing Wing technology designed by NASA/MIT 3.3. Revolutionary Propulsion Technology Radically new propulsive designs are expected to have considerable impact on fuel reduction for the future fleet. The implementation of revolutionary engines and electric aircraft is expected to allow very significant fuel and emissions savings in the coming decades. Currently, the open-rotor design, boundary-layer ingestion and electric aircraft are the most prominent innovations when it comes to aircraft propulsion technologies. Figure 23: Safran Counter-Rotating Open Rotor developed in Clean Sky Open Rotor The open rotor is a fuel-saving engine architecture that is a hybrid between a propeller and a turbofan engine, characterized by two counter-rotating, unshrouded fans. It allows a reduction of fuel burn and CO2 emissions of typically 30% compared to conventional turbofan engines, such as the CFM56. While the open rotor concept itself is several decades old, its development was slowed down mainly by challenges to reduce its noise levels, which are higher than from comparable turbofan engines. Manufacturers envisage the open rotor engine to enter service around the year 2030 [26] [52]. Boundary Layer Ingestion With the aim of reducing the weight and drag of high propulsive efficiencies generated by conventional systems integrated in the aircraft, a promising approach of distributing the propulsive thrust on the main structures of the airframe is considered. This idea is referred to as the “Propulsive Fuselage Concept” (PFC), which allows the whole fuselage to act as a propulsive thrust. The most straightforward way to implement this concept is by full annular boundary layer ingestion (BLI). The concept of wake-filling through BLI has been thoroughly investigated in various projects. Some of those include NASA’s “FuseFan”, the Bauhaus Luftfahrt “Claire Liner”, the MIT “D8” concept and the NASA “STRAC-ABL” [53]. With the BLI technology, engines are located near the rear of the aircraft so that air flowing over the fuselage becomes part of the mix of air going into the engine air inlet and is then accelerated backwards. According to NASA, analytical studies have shown that BLI technology is capable of reducing the aircraft fuel burn by as much as 8.5% compared to aircraft operating today [54]. © Bauhaus Luftfahrt, CENTRELINE Project Figure 24: Propulsive Fuselage concept by Bauhaus Luftfahrt, integrating boundary layer ingestion and airframe wake filling As part of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, the European Union is funding a project that is dedicated to proving the validation of the PFC concept, called CENTRELINE (ConcEpt validatioN sTudy foR fuselagE wakefilLIng propulsioN integration). This project explores a turbo-electric, twin engine PFC systems design with an aft- fuselage BLI propulsor [53]. 25PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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