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Figure 27: Electric propulsion architectures [56] Turbo-electric systems do not rely on batteries as propulsive power source during any phase of flight, they rather use gas turbines. • Full turbo-electric: in this configuration, turboshaft engines are used to drive electric generators that power inverters and consequently individual direct current (DC) motors which drive the individual distributed electric fans. • Partial turbo-electric: this system is a variant of the full turbo-electric system which uses electric propulsion to provide some of the propulsive power, the rest is generated by a turbofan driven by a gas turbine. Consequently, the electrical components for a partial turbo-electric configuration can be developed with smaller advances beyond the state of the art than are needed for a full turbo-electric configuration. It is relatively easy to transmit electric power to multiple widely spaced motors. Also, electric motors require much less maintenance than combustion engines. Therefore, a larger number of separate electric engines installed on an aircraft does not lead to much higher maintenance costs. This situation is different from the case of jet aircraft, where high maintenance costs are a strong penalty for four-engine aircraft compared to twins. Thus, electric propulsion concepts are well-suited for application to distributed propulsion architectures. This includes design options for boundary layer ingestion (BLI). The introduction of electric propulsion for aircraft is a revolutionary step in the aviation industry. It is made easier by the fact that it is a scalable technology, which allows a step-by-step implementation starting with 1- and 2-seater aircraft, which operate already today, and including several smaller-scale innovation steps that would be introduced before reaching a battery-powered commercial aircraft with about 100 seats. Electric air taxis Electric air taxis are becoming a reality with many start-ups and aircraft manufacturers involved in finding solutions to urban air mobility. As examples of the current progress in electric flight, two German start-ups have developed two vehicles that could transport passengers from one place to another inside and between cities without producing any emissions. Volocopter ran its first manned flight in 2016 and acquired German and international safety certificates on its 2X 27PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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