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Open Rotor • Open rotor engines have a cruise speed of around Mach 0.7, lower than current short-to-mid-range aircraft cruise speeds of Mach 0.75 to 0.79. As a result, flight times are slightly longer than with current aircraft (in the order of 10 min for a 1000 nm flight), which can result in lower utilization. Also, air traffic management needs to take measures in time on ensuring the integration of a strongly increasing number of aircraft with lower than current typical cruise speeds into the flight network. • Open rotor engines generate high exterior (environmental) and interior (cabin) noise. Despite progress achieved in the recent past, manufacturers need to find solutions to further reduce the noise to Strut-braced Wing • The high-mounted wings provide enough space for very high-bypass or open-rotor engines. • Large wing spans of SBW aircraft push them into higher aircraft design groups for airport compatibility than other aircraft in a comparable seat category, which leads to restrictions in operations on smaller airports and higher airport charges. To avoid this, wing tips may Blended Wing Body become comparable to future turbofan aircraft that will enter into service in a similar time horizon. • Weight penalties resulting from ensuring open rotor blade-off safety requirements must be kept to a minimum to avoid trade-off against the benefits from reducing fuel consumption. Recommendations for Seamless Market Penetration • Expand efforts in network and air traffic management research, focusing on an increasing range of aircraft with different cruise flight speeds and other operational characteristics. • Further reduce noise emissions by open rotors through continued research and development efforts. need to be foldable. This feature already exists on the Boeing 777X [75]. Recommendations for Seamless Market Penetration • Work on redefining current aircraft design group classifications to enable different handling characteristics at airports for revolutionary aircraft configurations. Benefits Challenges Environment Fuel burn Higher noise levels Flight performance Lower cruise speed (longer flight times, less utilization) Passengers Higher cabin noise Benefits Challenges Environment Fuel burn Ground operations Folding wing Flight performance High wings -> space for large engines (UHBR, open rotor) Benefits Challenges Environment Lower fuel burn Less noise (engine shielding) Ground operations & infrastructure Easier boarding & disembarking – shorter turnaround time, more comfortable Ground service infrastructure may need adaptation* Passenger / Cargo Large available cargo volume Passenger acceptance for very large cabin* Industrial With the small BWB design, the concept is now scalable Unconventional design processes needed, with high uncertainties Family concepts more complex to implement* High investments Certification Emergency evacuation* * Challenge applies essentially or only to large BWBs, not to small ones 32PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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