PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 034
Recommendations for Seamless Market Penetration • Focus research and development efforts on high performance batteries with high energy density, taking benefit from. • Support novel battery and battery production technologies. • Support the development of strategies for building up worldwide battery supply networks and airport infrastructure. • For all the above actions to be effective, strengthen the collaboration links between the aviation and the energy technology sector and take benefit from synergies between both sectors. 3.5. Economic Aspects of Revolutionary Aircraft Development Programs General aspects The development of radically new aircraft represents a very high and risky investment for the manufacturer, which will be made only if there is sufficient commitment from potential airline customers. Airlines will only be interested in purchasing a new aircraft type if it has overall advantages compared to other aircraft of comparable size and range, and if it is sold at a price that allows the airline to make profit with its operation, which is a function of its direct operation costs (DOC). Fortunately, fuel burn reduction as the main environmental consideration is well aligned with the need to keep DOC down. The operational benefits described in Section 3.4 allow additional DOC improvements beyond fuel savings. Economic drivers for new technology development Fuel costs have always been a strong driver for new fuel- efficient aircraft technologies. While in the long-term average, fuel prices follow a continuous upwards trend, the strong volatility of oil prices in the last years makes it difficult for an airline to reasonably estimate the savings from new aircraft with improved fuel efficiency. Fluctuating exchange rates and geo-political uncertainties add to the risks affecting a commitment to purchasing new aircraft. 34 With the introduction of market-based measures for aviation’s climate impact (ICAO’s CORSIA system for international aviation), the cost of carbon adds to the cost of fuel. The development of carbon prices is still highly uncertain, however, a cost of 100 USD per tonne of CO2 may become realistic after 2030. This makes fuel-efficient and CO2 emissions reducing technologies economically more attractive. Many radically new aircraft configurations have other DOC benefits beyond fuel and emissions savings. Section 3.4 lists a number of examples, such as lower maintenance costs for electric aircraft and better aircraft utilization thanks to shorter airport turnaround times for small blended wing bodies. It is important to include these benefits, which are often less uncertain than fuel savings, in airlines’ business case calculations. Many radically new aircraft are also much quieter than current configurations. This gives them advantages at airports with noise-related operating restrictions, which are no longer an essentially European phenomenon, as show the examples of Hong Kong, Delhi and Shanghai. Operational or financial advantages for electric aircraft are another potential driver to push developments in this area. Development costs It is very difficult to obtain reliable indications about the costs of development and production of different future technologies, as costs are commercially sensitive information. However, lessons learned from past developments such as the A380 and Boeing 787 indicate that the development costs for a new aircraft program are essentially driven by the complexity of a modern aircraft. This suggests that the costs for developing a revolutionary large commercial aircraft program may lie in a similar order of magnitude as for recent advanced wide-body aircraft, i.e. in the order of 10 to 15 billion USD. For comparison, the development costs for the first car with hybrid propulsion were in the order of 6 billion USD. Compared to wide-body aircraft, the narrow-body and regional market segment is much larger and allows to reach the break-even number of aircraft in a shorter time. The small BWB and strut-braced wing are intended for the narrow-body segment, whereas the electric aircraft is aiming at the regional segment. Very high investment costs for new aircraft programs are a great risk to manufacturers. However, new technologies become more affordable over time with broader technology progress. This was the case e.g. for carbon-fiber material that has replaced more and more metal aircraft components. Synergies with other industries support this trend. An example is the progress in battery technology in the automotive sector that aviation can benefit from. As a general rule, efficiency improves at a stronger rate than investment cost increases.PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
PDF Search Title:
Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050Original File Name Searched:
tech-roadmap-aircraft-2050.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)