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5. Disruptive Technologies The radically new aircraft configurations described in Chapter 3, while needing certain infrastructural adaptations, do not completely change the structure of the air transport system. Beyond that, other concepts for high- speed transport are being developed, which might seriously change the current nature of air travel. New companies are entering the transport industry market with a variety of disruptive technologies that may enter service within the next decade. The two most concrete disruptive transport concepts are described here: • On the short-haul side, the “Hyperloop” concept, ground-based, but operating at speeds comparable to flight, would be able to replace busy air connections up to around 1000 km. • On the long-haul side, supersonic travel is experiencing a revival with several manufacturers engaged in new aircraft projects, starting with the business aviation market. Once these disruptive concepts are approaching implementation, airlines will face the question whether they should include them in their own business models by cooperation agreements and intermodal network concepts. Hyperloop Hyperloop is an emerging new transport mode for both passengers and cargo, low in CO2 emissions, which consists of capsules driven by magnetic levitation through a tube with reduced air pressure at speeds similar to aircraft flight. It is envisaged to replace short air connections with strong traffic, similarly to today’s high-speed railway lines, but with an additional speed advantage. Compared to air travel, it could start from city centers, saving considerable travel time to and from airports, and would not need additional time for take-off and landing against the wind and for holding patterns. For example, while the flight time from Stockholm to Helsinki (400 km distance) is 55 minutes and the entire travel time from city to city around 3.5 hours, supporters of the Hyperloop say it could do the same trip in 28 minutes through a tunnel under the Baltic Sea. Its potential for covering distances of up to about 1000 km in significantly less time than either flight or high-speed train could make it a useful option for this travel segment including feeder connections to long-haul flights. In case of success, it might cause a considerable reduction of short- haul flights, similar to the introduction of high-speed train connections such as the TGV in France. Virgin Hyperloop One is the first commercial company working on building Hyperloop transport lines. Its objective is to start operations by 2021 [77]. Various other companies have been founded in the last years, which are investigating the potential of numerous routes on several continents. Several successful tests have been done, however at speeds only up to 400 km/h so far. A number of technical issues related to safety and reliability still have to be solved. Figure 47: Virgin Hyperloop One: Design of tunnel and capsule Supersonic Commercial Jet Supersonic flights are again under consideration 15 years after the end of Concorde operations, targeting now both the business and the commercial aviation market. Boom, a startup based in Colorado is working closely with Virgin Group and Japan Airlines on a supersonic jet that is expected to enter service by 2020. For the route from New York to London, Boom indicates a flight time of 3.5 hours at Mach 2.2, which is half of today’s typical flight time. While ticket prices for the Concorde flights were a constraint to broader demand in the past, allowing only a few to fly with it, Boom claims its flight fares could be similar to today’s business class flights. Fuel burn and the related costs are predicted to be about 30% lower than for Concorde, mainly 43PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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