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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 3787 The previous section discussed that the primary motivation to improve aircraft fuel economy has been to lower fuel cost, and that aircraft manufactures and airlines are increasingly more conscious of global climate change due to jet engine emissions. However, scientific knowledge and public awareness about the impacts of aviation emissions on the global atmosphere are still low. This is the key difference from the case of aircraft noise reduction, where the scientific evidence and strong public demand have induced a large decline in aircraft noise levels. Historically, strong public demand supported by scientific evidence of health damage caused by aircraft noise and subsequent government regulation to limit the operation of noisy aircraft have led to large reductions in noise around airports. To examine this difference quantitatively, Lee [5] examined the social factors that drive environmental innovation in aircraft systems. To expedite environmentally conscious innovations for low-emission aircraft, increased amounts of knowledge and information should flow between aviation firms and other societal constituents, such as citizens, governments, and civilian organizations. Knowledge accumulation is important in two aspects. One is that it provides a credible basis for the existence of the environmental problem. The other important aspect of knowledge is to provide the scientific capability to solve environmental problems. It is necessary that basic scientific knowledge be accumulated in order for firms to perform further research and develop new products [34]. Note that large uncertainty still exists in aviation climate science so this discourages industry from taking risks/costs associated with more environmentally friendly technological innovations. The major role of information diffusion is to better inform the general public about the importance of environmental conservation through media including television, radio, newspapers, magazines, bulletins, and films. Events such as environmental week and school education programs are also good methods of information diffusion [35]. To raise the public awareness level (i.e., information diffusion), much more active dissemination of and education about the environmental effects of aircraft engine emissions are needed [33]. Some European environmentalists are pushing for programs that increase awareness of air travel passengers, along with their sense of responsibility for global environmental protection. The programs enable passengers to pay a fee to mitigate their share of the damage from the carbon dioxide emitted during each flight. Environmental companies then use the money to plant trees, which remove carbon dioxide from the air. British Airways has an ‘emissions calculator’ on its website so that passengers can determine how much carbon dioxide is emitted due to their flying [35]. Note that some experts pose objections against this idea. First there is simply no room for compensation through forests or other sectors as soon as aviation “takes up the full sustainable carbon footprint by 2040–2050” [27]. Second environmental consciousness will not be enhanced in a way that it will help consumers to adopt a less hypermobile lifestyle because compensations will appear to them to be a cheap way out of the personal dilemma [36,37]. The emissions calculator can “nudge” consumers to behave more environmentally consciously [38]. The problem is that air travelers do not seem to have simple means to behave environmentally consciously. The only way is that they travel less, but this will not be the case for most passengers (i.e., they don’t give up vacation travel with cheap airline ticket deals [39]). Government and industry must work together to design practical means for air travelers to behave in an environmentally conscious manner.PDF Image | Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
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