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Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61]. © 2015, American Chemical Society confirmed the presence of –NH3 group on the P-PET and –CF3 group on the F-PET surface. After the chemical modifications, P-PET and F-PET demonstrated higher tendency to lose and gain electron due to the –NH3 group and the fluorinated surface, respectively. In principle, TENG with these two surfaces should deliver significant electric output considering the enlarged difference of triboelectric polarities. Fig. 1(a) and (b) compare the voltage output of TENGs with different friction pairs: (i) PET:PET, (ii) PET:P-PET, (iii) PET:F-PET, and (iv) P-PET:F-PET. A smallest Voc of ∼4 V was produced in pair (i) with a device area of 4 cm2 and under an applied force of 0.5 MPa. P-PET and F-PET could improve the Voc to ∼110 V and ∼205 V, respectively. The maximum Voc of ∼330 V was obtained with the TENG assembled from pair (iv). That was ∼80 times enlargement compared to the Voc of PET:PET pair, implying the effectiveness of this amino and fluorine functionalization methods. The modified PET surfaces exhibited superior stability owing to the tight chemical bonds. No reduction of voltage or current output was observed during the periodical measurement of TENG with pair (iv) for over 4 weeks (Fig. 1(c)). A Voc of ∼300 V and a short-circuit current density (Jsc ) of ∼200 mA/m2 can be maintained within the entire time interval. These electric outputs were able to lighting up 250 blue LEDs with a rectified bridge circuit to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Similar FOTs functionalization was applied to polypropy- lene (PP) nanowires (NWs). Feng et al. fabricated PP NW array with anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and chemically modified the NW surfaces with two fluorine- containing molecules including FOTs and poly(2,2,3,4,4,4- hexafluorobutyl-5-((3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)amino)-2,2, 4,4-tetramethyl-5-oxopentanoate)fluoropolymer (Pdop-F) [62]. Compared with the Pdop-F, FOTs was found to be more effective in implementing fluorine onto PP NW sur- faces since the fluorine content in FOTs (48.6 wt%) was much higher than Pdop-F (23.8 wt%). Consequently, the charge density of FOTs treated PP NWs (65 μC/m2) was about two times larger than that of Pdop-F treated PP NWs (30 μC/m2). Both of these two values are substantially higher than the pristine PP NWs (3.3 μC/m2). As a result, FOTs treated PP NWs achieved the highest voltage output of 1900 V and current density output of 19 mA/cm2 , which were sufficient to powering 372 red LEDs. Another popular way to introduce fluorine is fluorocar- bon plasma, i.e., employing fluorocarbon (e.g. CF4 and C4 F8 ) plasma gas to treat the polymer surfaces. During this pro- cess, fluorinated and roughened surface can be achieved simultaneously. Zhang et al. reported a one-step fluoro- carbon plasma treatment for chemically modifying poly- dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film [63]. An inductively cou- pled plasma (ICP) machine was employed to perform the plasma treatment with C4F8 as the active gas and fluorine Y. Yu, X. Wang / Extreme Mechanics Letters ( ) – 3 Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of TENGs built with four different contact pairs: (i) PET:PET, (ii) PET:P-PET, (iii) PET:F-PET, (iv) P-PET:F-PET. (b) Open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of corresponding TENGs, showing substantial performance gain after the chemical modifications. (c) Stability test of TENG with pair (iv), presenting no output reduction within one month. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)PDF Image | Chemical modification of polymer surfaces for advanced triboelectric nanogenerator development
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