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Y. Yu, X. Wang / Extreme Mechanics Letters ( ) – 5 Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of the wrinkled PDMS fabrication procedures, including spin coating of PDMS on PET/ITO substrate, C4 F8 plasma treating and TENG assembly. (b) SEM and laser scanning microscope (LSM) image of the wrinkled PDMS film. (c) Voltage output of TENGs made from untreated, C4 F8 plasma treated and wrinkled PDMS films. (d) The current and charge comparison of corresponding TENGs. Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. [64]. © 2015, Wiley-VCH spectroscopy (XPS). Strong fluorine peak was identified in the spectrum of C4F8 treated PDMS, evidencing the appearance of fluorine atom on the surface. The element contents that were detected by XPS varied with the plasma treating time. When the plasma treating time increased from 50 to 150 s, O content decreased from 13.29% to 4.4%, and F increased from 25.06% to 42.37%. Combined with the wrinkled surface, these extra fluorine atoms could greatly enhance the electric output of TENG. Fig. 3(c) and (d) manifest the voltage, current and charge outputs of the flat PDMS, C4F8-treated flat PDMS and C4F8-treated wrinkled PDMS. Compared with the untreated PDMS, C4F8 flat PDMS and wrinkled PDMS improved the voltage output from 120 to 150 and 240 V, corresponding to 25% and 100% enhancement, respectively. The peak current and charge outputs of the C4 F8 -treated wrinkled PDMS in a single cycle were 182 μA, and 528 nC, respectively, which were able to lighting up 72 commercial blue LEDs. In addition to PDMS, PET surface can also be chemi- cally modified by the fluorocarbon plasma approach [65]. In this case, a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and oxygen (O2) gases were used as the plasma source. Analo- gous to C4F8 plasma, CF4 treatment could yield both chem- ical modification by fluorination and physical modification by roughening the polymer surface in nanoscale (Fig. 4(a)). The electric potential of the PET before and after modifica- tion were measured with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The surface potential was increased from 41 to 105 mV after the plasma treatment. This improvement was attributed to the enlarged surface charge density, which was induced by the fluorine modification and increased surface area. According to topography characterizations from the atomic force microscopy (AFM), the unmodified PEF surface was very smooth with an average roughness of 2.2 nm and a root mean square roughness of 2.8 nm. After the plasma treatment, the average and root mean square roughness were increased to 27.4 and 34.4 nm, re- spectively. The maximum profile peak height was as high as 320 nm. This surface roughening effect was a result of the anisotropic etching by ionic bombardment due to the applied bias [66]. Based on the fundamental mecha- nism of TENG, considerable electric output could be antici- pated after establishing the rough and fluorinated surfaces. Fig.4(b)–(d)presenttheVoc,Isc andchargetransferamount (Q ) of pristine PET, plasma treated PET and polytetrafluo- roethylene (PTFE) film. The Voc , Isc and Q of the modified PET reached approximately 220 V, 45 μA and 130 nC, re- spectively, which were over two times larger than those of the pristine PET film. These electric outputs even outper- formed the PTFE film, which is considered as the most effi- cient triboelectric polymer with the strongest tendency to gain electrons [1], reinforcing the effectiveness of the CF4 plasma modification approach. The fundamental mechanism of the CF4 modification was studied in this work. XPS was employed to detectPDF Image | Chemical modification of polymer surfaces for advanced triboelectric nanogenerator development
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