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8 Y. Yu, X. Wang / Extreme Mechanics Letters ( ) – Fig. 5. (a) Schematic illustration of injecting negative ions onto FEP surface with air ionization gun. The back electrode was grounded to maximizing the surface charge density. (b) In situ measurement of charge transfer from the ground to back electrode of FEP film during the step-by-step ion injections. (c) The variation of short-circuit charge density as a function of ion injection cycles. (d) Schematic and numerically calculated potential distribution across the Al and FEP gap, showing the presence of voltage drop in the gap, which could cause the breakdown of the air. (e) The relationship between the initial short-circuit charge density (σSC -I ) from the first pressing motion of TENG and the short-circuit charge density (σSC -R ) in the remaining cycles. Inset is the magnified curve for comparing σSC-I and σSC-R. (f) Theoretically calculated relationship between the maximum surface charge density (σmax) and the film thickness d of FEP. (g) Plot of the above curve in the range of 20–150 μm region and three points of experimentally measured σmax for the d of 50, 75 and 125 μm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70]. © 2014, Wiley-VCH current density (Jsc ) should be obtained accordingly. Fig. 6 compared the Voc , Jsc , and the power output of TENG before and after the ion injection. Without injection, the spontaneous charge density from the friction could only deliver a Voc of ∼200 V (Fig. 6(a)). When the surface charge density was boosted to MSCD by ion injection, the Voc was increased to ∼1000 V (Fig. 6(b)). Similarly, the Jsc was increased from 18 to 78 mA/cm2 via the ion injection under a pressing force of ∼20 N (Fig. 6(c) and (d)). When deforming the TENG at ∼300 N, the Jsc could reach as high as ∼900 mA/cm2 (Fig. 6(e)). Under this testing condition, the actual power output of the ion-injected TENG was estimated by connecting the device with a series of loads with different resistances. As shown in Fig. 6(f), the voltage and current output increased and decreased gradually with the increase of the load resistance, respectively. The opposite trend of voltage and current output produced a maximum power output density of ∼315 W/m2 with the external resistance of 300 M (Fig. 6(g)). In general, the ion injection approach is simple, effective and applicable to many triboelectric polymers. It is a fairly efficient technique and by far the most commonly adopted method of polymer surface modification for improving TENGs’ output. Nevertheless, the fabrication conditions and processes are relatively complicated, which may bring obstacles for further scaling up, particularly considering the polymer sheets are extremely low-cost and roll-to-roll manufactured raw materials. 4. Sequential infiltration synthesis Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) is a molecular in- filtration process on the basis of atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique [73–75]. When certain polymers were im- plemented, the large permittivity of metalorganic ALD pre- cursors allow the deep infiltration of inorganic compounds during ALD process, leading to inorganic/organic hybrid materials. SIS has been successfully used to convert thePDF Image | Chemical modification of polymer surfaces for advanced triboelectric nanogenerator development
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