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14 Y. Yu, X. Wang / Extreme Mechanics Letters ( ) – Fig. 10. (a) Schematic of the reaction mechanism for dopamine (DA) polymerization. (b) Schematic illustration of polydopamine (PDA) deposition on PTFE surface and the influence of PDA on the voltage output of TENG. Insets are photographs of water droplet on the surface of pristine (i) and PDA modified (ii) PTFE. (c) Sensitivity characterization of the TENG sensor for the DA detection. Inset is a plot showing the linear relationship between the current ratio and Napierian logarithm of the DA concentration. (d) Selectivity determination of the TENG sensor by introducing interference factors including ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Large current ratio can only be obtained in the solution that contains DA, implying the good selectivity. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Source: Reprinted with permission from Ref. [88]. © 2015, American Chemical Society Fig. 10(d) compares the current ratio of the TENG sensor after exposing to DA, UA and AA solution with same concentration. As expected, only DA considerably altered the current signals, suggesting the good selectivity of this sensor. Compared to conventional chemical monitoring tech- niques, TENG-based chemical sensors share common char- acteristics such as high sensitivity, selectivity and reusabil- ity. Meanwhile, since polymers are typically the active ma- terials in TENG, existing principles of molecule detection relying on polymer reactions can be seamlessly transferred to TENG sensors. Most importantly, the self-powered ca- pability of TENG-based chemical sensors greatly promise them in developing battery-free sensing systems with ex- ceptional long life span. 6. Conclusion Chemical modifications have been evidenced to be an effective approach for controlling the TENG output through regulating the surface charge density of triboelectric poly- mers. By enhancing the surface charge density, numerous polymers can be utilized to build high-performance TENGs without losing their intrinsic merits. The largely broadened material selections allow more flexible structural designs of TENGs. Compared to the vast research efforts of pursu- ing new configurations and functions, chemical properties and surface functionalization of triboelectric polymers are relatively less explored despite their fundamental role in controlling the charge density and overall triboelectric per- formance. Both theoretical calculations and experimentalPDF Image | Chemical modification of polymer surfaces for advanced triboelectric nanogenerator development
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