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List of Figures Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10 Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13 Figure 5.14 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure 6.5 Turbofan engine schematic (Hünecke 2003) .................................................... 16 All electric propulsion architecture (NAS 2016) .............................................. 17 Hybrid electric propulsion architecture (NAS 2016) ........................................ 18 A basic hydraulic system (Scholz 2019).......................................................... 19 Turbo-electric propulsion architecture.............................................................. 19 Bauhaus luftfahrt’s concept aircraft with aft propulsor (Warwick 2018)......... 20 Turbo-hydraulic propulsion architecture .......................................................... 21 Turbo-hydraulic Propulsion System Architecture ............................................ 22 Dimensions of Airbus 320 aircraft (Airbus 2005) ............................................ 25 Operating pressure vs. Mass of the hydraulic piping........................................ 26 Hydraulic pump/motor volume statistic............................................................ 27 Hydraulic pump/motor mass statistic................................................................ 27 Turbo-electric propulsion system architecture.................................................. 29 Submerged air intake of a fighter jet (Roy 2012) ............................................. 30 Turboprop engine mass statistic........................................................................ 31 Turboprop engine length statistic...................................................................... 32 Payload versus Range diagram of A320-200 (Airbus 2019) ............................ 35 Aircraft Design method for Turbo-electric/hydraulic propulsion..................... 36 Propeller sizing requirements (Scholz 2014) .................................................... 41 Operation cycle of partial TH/TE (adapted from Ang 2018) ........................... 46 Partial Turbo-electric/hydraulic propulsion concept calculation method ........ 47 kp* obtained from plotting relative change in SFC (Scholz 2014) .................. 50 Processes considered in life cycle assessment (Johanning 2013) ..................... 55 Mass breakdown of turbo-hydraulic propulsion system ................................... 56 Mass breakdown of turbo-electric propulsion system ...................................... 57 Different aircraft configurations vs maintenance costs .................................... 57 Different aircraft configurations vs trip fuel mass ............................................ 58 PSFC vs fuel mass ............................................................................................ 59 Different aircraft configurations vs propeller efficiency in cruise.................... 60 Number of engines against direct operating cost (M$)..................................... 61 Various costs vs. Number of engines................................................................ 62 Comparison of disc loading and propeller efficiency with number of engines 63 Variation of operating empty mass with increasing number of engines........... 63 Different aircraft configurations vs direct operating costs (M$) ...................... 64 Total engine mass & engine operation % vs aircraft configuration.................. 66 Comparison of propulsion systems for thrust levels of 10% and 18% ......... 67 Trip fuel mass(kg) & TSFC (kg/W/s) vs aircraft configuration ....................... 68 Comparison of DOC of superior propulsion systems with A320 ..................... 71 Comparison of fuel mass of superior propulsion systems with A320 .............. 71 Comparison of LCA of superior propulsion systems with A320 ..................... 71 Shaft Power offtake levels of different turbofan engines (Lupelli 2011) ......... 74 A graphic mock-up of Airbus E-fan X (Airbus 2017) ...................................... 75 6PDF Image | Comparison of Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion
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