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41 Since the electric/hydraulic motors are equipped with propellers, the efficiency of the propel- lers is of paramount importance during all segments of flight. The propeller efficiency (𝜂 ), is expressed in (4.17) as a function of disc loading (𝐿) and airspeed (𝑉). The propeller area (𝑆 ), is calculated using the diameter of the propeller. The efficiency of the propeller decreases with the decrease in propeller diameter, although it decreases the load on the structure. An important parameter to be considered while designing a propeller is the blade tip speed. High Mach number on the blades can lead to reduction in efficiency. Most of the turboprop aircraft fly in a relatively lower altitude dude to this reason. To solve this complication, the propeller blades can be swept which in turn reduces the Mach number and noise. In order to have a statistical approach for propeller sizing, the propeller diameter of the Smart Turboprop aircraft designed by Scholz (2014) is 7 m and the propeller diameter of Airbus 400M aircraft is 5.35 m (Teal 2017). These two aircraft were chosen because of their similarity to the re- quirements of A320. Figure 4.3 Propeller sizing requirements (Scholz 2014) The other requirements according to Scholz (2014) for a propeller driven aircraft are ground clearance with the propeller should be a minimum of 25% of the propeller diameter and the minimum bank clearance angle must 7°. From the A320 data in Airbus (2019), the wing ground clearance is 3.78 m. Assuming the propeller hub is placed in the wing line and by tak- ing into consideration of the requirements, the maximum propeller diameter can be calculated to be 5.67 m. As mentioned previously, the higher propeller diameter increases efficiency. Therefore, the propeller diameter is taken to be 7 m. The propeller-ground clearance compli- cation can be solved by increasing the height of the landing gear. This leads to an increase in overall mass of the aircraft, but it is ignored in this study.PDF Image | Comparison of Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion
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