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62 According to Kerho (2013), when the motors are ducted and placed at optimum locations on the wing, there are benefits from accelerating the airflow and from differential thrust. Albeit these concepts cannot be integrated in the aircraft tool used because of the complex CFD sim- ulations required. It is evident that ducted fans reduce the propeller efficiency (Scholz 2018b) although it is argued otherwise. A possible reason is that the increases in number of engines can lead to increase operating empty mass because of the components required. Also, as shown in Figure 5.3, the maintenance costs increase. 45000000.0 40000000.0 35000000.0 30000000.0 25000000.0 20000000.0 15000000.0 10000000.0 5000000.0 0.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Number of engines Depreciation Costs Interest Costs Insurance Costs Fuel Costs Maintenance Costs Staff Costs Fees and Charges Figure 5.8 Various costs vs. Number of engines In the above graph, a detailed comparison of different costs with increasing number of en- gines are plotted. One can see large increases in Depreciation and Maintenance costs. The maintenance costs mainly rely on the mass and number of engines. In this case, even though the mass of a single motor reduces, the number of motors increase and also number of com- ponents. The operating empty mass of the aircraft increases as a result of snowball effect. Alt- hough, the mass of the wing might reduce due to increase in number of engines since it de- creases wing bending. Direct Operating CostsPDF Image | Comparison of Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion
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