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2 Background 2.1 History of the jet engine The basic principle used in jet engines has been known for a long time. It dates back to around 150 BC when the principle was used in the Aeolipile, which is a simple construction using a radial steam turbine. The steam exits through a nozzle creating a spinning motion of a ball. All according to Newton’s third law. See fig 1. [2] In 1791 a patent was filed by John Barber, utilizing the same thermodynamic cycle as a jet engine [4], and the interest continued during the 1800s. But it wasn’t until Sir Frank Whittle of the Royal Air Force in the 1930s made the first patent for the jet engine and showed the possibilities through reliable energy conversion. He made the first static test in 1937. Two years later, in 1939, it was a German physicist named Hans von Ohain who made the first jet-powered-flight and demonstrated the possibilities of the jet engines. The ideas came about improving the propeller driven aircrafts of the time, where the main problem was the speed of the aircraft. The aircraft of the time were closing in on the speed of sound, and sometimes getting too close, which would result in shockwaves being created, causing the propeller to shatter. Figure 1: Hero’s Aeolipile (Source: Knight’s American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876) The jet engine allowed a continuous combustion and airflow. It was a big change from the piston engines dominating the industry. At the time, the greatest struggle the engineers had was to create a material that could withstand the temperatures generated in the combustion chamber, since it would often lead to the turbines melting. The development of the jet engine took of during World War II and performance was quickly raised because of the efforts made to try to get any advantage possible. Thus paving the way for the modern jet engines. [4] 4PDF Image | Design and construction of a simple turbojet engine
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