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B. Kareem et al. system. This is the area this study attempted to address. Chandra et al. [10] analyzed the behavior of rotors on different mechanical and thermal-mechanical analyses to find out the better one out of the solid rotor and the hollow rotor in terms of ease of manufacturing and failure. Further analysis based on thermal and structural distribution on blades was carried out [11]. This study is deficient by not taking a step ahead in analyzing critical tur- bining parameters, which are stress/load, torsion/strain, temperature, and speed tolerance. Chenduran [12] analyzed, in blade design, stress failures, efficiency and nozzle angle using solidworks software. Many designs have been carried out on turbines ranging from single-stage axial-flow turbines, two-stage axial-flow turbines, radial-flow turbines to radial-axial-flow turbines [1], efforts in the area of micro-turbine design for micro-power plant have been scanty. This is the germane area in which this study is posed to contribute. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Design Concepts In the design of a steam micro-turbine, there are major parameters to be consi- dered. The input parameters included the superheated steam temperature, pres- sure, mass flow rate and other specific properties. The required output to achieve necessary power supply required are the angular velocity, speed, and torque. Others include the type of cycle for effective conversion, the classifica- tion of the steam turbine, the blade profile design and arrangement, the number of stages required for effective steam pressure utilization, nozzle and condenser design. The turbine design process has a series of steps as enumerated in Figure 1. Turbine specifications; these include the rotational speed or speed range, steam pressures at the turbine’s inlet and exhaust, steam temperature at the tur- bine inlet, and the desired power output. Determination of staging based on the turbine specifications; the turbine designer makes some basic decisions on which the flow path design is built, such as degree of reaction, desired blade peripheral speed, stage diameters, and number of stages in the turbine. At this stage, the number of rows of stationary and moving blades is established. Determination of optimum flow passage angles by creating velocity diagrams for each stage based on the mean diameter of the flow path to determine appropriate airfoil entrance and exit angles, for best performance at the design. Detailed stage design deter- mines the quantity and the size (that is the width or chord) of the blades (short constant section airfoils or a series of radial stations for tall blades with twisted airfoil shapes). Reliability evaluation ensures that steady steam bending and cen- trifugal forces are within acceptable limits. The vibratory characteristics of the blades are predicted and compared with the frequency and shape of unsteady forces from a variety of sources that acted on the blades. Steam turbine depends completely upon the dynamic action of the steam. Working principle of the power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of DOI: 10.4236/jpee.2018.611009 113 Journal of Power and Energy EngineeringPDF Image | Design of Steam Turbine for Electric Power Production Using Heat Energy from Palm Kernel Shell
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