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I.3.1. Alternative Performance Improvement Strategies Premix Combustion: In 1970’s the engine pollution gained attraction and different methods were developed to reduce NOx emission of gas turbines. The lean premix burning concept was introduced which created a step towards low NOx combustion [9]. It was realized that to achieve a low emission combustion process, the mixing process of fuel and air could be separated from the combustion process itself and also combustion could take place under very lean conditions. So, the goal was first to create a lean and homogeneous mixture of fuel and air and then to burn it. Döbbeling et al. [9] from Alstom performed some tests on a premix swirl combustor in conjunction with GASL in Westbury, US. Approximately 10 ppm NOx was measured at the exit with 100% premix oil, which was compared to the 60 ppm NOx in case of 92% premix oil and 8% diffusion oil. This demonstrated the clear superiority of lean premix burning. If fuel and air are not adequately premixed before combustion, it leads to creation of so-called hot-spot regions which will likely cause an increase in NOx emission [10]. In lean premixed combustion, the engine operates in equivalence ratio close to the lean blow-out limit in order to maintain NOx and CO emission at low levels. For instance, as for natural gas, the stoichiometric fuel air ratio is 1:17.2 and the lean blow-out limit is in the range of 0.1-0.4 depending on the performing conditions. Examples of lean blow-out limits are shown in Figure 15 for a number liquid fuel sources. A lean fuel and air mixture may also lead to unstable combustion. So, there should be a tradeoff between low emissions and flame stability [10]. 7PDF Image | DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRA-HIGH EFFICIENCY GAS TURBINE ENGINE (UHEGT
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