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3. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS Gas turbines for power generation have improved greatly since their predecessors from the middle of the century. The best way to see how they have advanced is by looking at their rising efficiencies over time (see Figure 3). A doubling of efficiency has occurred for simple cycles, with the introduction of combined cycles causing a tripling in efficiency. Turbine efficiencies, along with cost and reliability, are among the most important criteria when power producers place orders for new plants. Therefore, the gas turbine gains in efficiency, which is the result of technological development, have been crucial for their success. 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 1945 1955 1965 1975 Year 1985 1995 2005 Combined Cycle Simple Cycle Figure 3. General efficiency increases over time for simple and combined cycle gas turbines. To increase efficiencies, turbine designers have worked to increase firing temperatures without damaging the turbines themselves. The advantage of having high firing and rotor inlet temperatures (RITs) is that they nudge gas turbine cycles closer to Carnot thermodynamic cycles. However, firing turbines beyond the threshold temperatures of their components threaten their integrity and reliability. R&D addressing this concern has progressed along two major avenues of development: material improvements and cooling advances. Each of these two pathways is discussed in detail below. 6 Efficiency (LHV)PDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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