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Other advances include industry-wide attempts to reduce harmful emissions by adapting dry low NOx systems to gas turbines. NOx reduction techniques began with models and field tests evaluating emission formation. This led to more accurate predictions of combustor operations and variations in their parameters. Water injection for NOx control was first applied, followed by steam, which was found to be less effective. The goal for both was to reduce flame temperature and subsequently lower the NOx formation rate, but these injections impose performance penalties and may increase carbon monoxide emissions.24 More modern methods concentrate on combustor-oriented “dry low NOx” schemes, which were explored in three areas: premixed lean combustion, rich-lean combustion, and catalytic combustion. Premixed lean combustion occurs in hybrid combustors which mix air and fuel on a molecular level, cause the thermal fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and reduce harmful emissions.25 The rich-lean burn approach to NOx reduction was found to be useful if the fuel contained fuel-bound nitrogen (FBN) which defeated water injection and premixing schemes. In rich-lean burning, the burning is staged to occur in a fuel-rich zone where the oxygen deficiency prevents NOx formation. Then, a second, lean zone completes the burning process at a temperature low enough to prevent NOx formation. Finally, catalytic combustion offers a third developmental alternative to emissions reduction. Westinghouse engineers first evaluated this method in 1971, when tests found that catalytic combustion could achieve uniform temperature patterns and drastically reduce NOx levels. However, the mechanical integrity of the substrate was poor, and the method was not pursued when R&D efforts tapered off during the gas industry stall of the late 1970s and 1980s.26 Activity resurged with the new market boost and has led to new designs of advanced catalytic systems. The nature of government in technological advancements In analyzing the technological development of gas turbines, it is important to note how government involvement has contributed to R&D. The clearest involvement took place in the beginning of the gas turbine era, when defense programs poured money into turbojet research. As noted above, this greatly aided turbine manufacturers such as Westinghouse and General Electric, which went on to transfer much of this technology to industrial turbine use. Siemens and ABB contrasted in their development of gas and combined cycle turbines. These two European manufacturers are important players on the world market, but followed a different route. Brown Boveri, as noted in Appendix A, was a Swiss manufacturer involved in early version of gas and combustion turbines. However, it was not as closely related to the military turbojet industry as its American counterparts, even though its future partner, Asea, did work with Swedish jet manufacturing. As a result of this relatively nonmilitary (and less government subsidized) course of development, Siemens and ABB had initial designs that were much closer to traditional steam turbine technology. Their initial turbines, compressors, and combustors were essentially bolted together, with only a few (one or two) large combustors resembling a 24 Paul Bautista, “Rise in Gas-Fired Power Generation Tracks Gains in Turbine Efficiency,” Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 94, No. 33, August 12, 1996, p. 46. 25 Bautista, Paul, “Rise in Gas-Fired Power Generation Tracks Gains in Turbine Efficiency,” Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 94, No. 33, August 12, 1996, p. 46 26 Bannister, et. al. “Evolution of Westinghouse Heavy Duty Power Generation and Industrial Combustion Turbines,” Transactions of the ASME, April, 1996, pp. 328-329. 17PDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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