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conventional steam boiler. This branch of gas turbine evolution withered and died. In contrast, the integrated gas turbines produced by GE and Westinghouse also drew on steam turbine construction methods in the beginning, but were considerably different on the inside. They contained aero-derived blading and more combustors in an annular ring.27 These are the companies which led to more substantive developments as a result of their military and government background. Their methods were later adopted by other companies. Government involvement through aviation R&D continues to this day. The US government alone has spent over $13 billion since 1940 on jet engine development and still spends about $400 million per year on R&D efforts through companies such as GE and Pratt & Whitney.28 As a result of these efforts, there is a “supermarket of technology” created by the jet engine programs which is slowly being utilized by power equipment companies. As noted above, this supermarket contains everything from new alloys that can withstand higher temperatures to computer codes for advanced turbine blade profiles.29 Governments have also devoted some attention to the power generation uses for gas turbines. The 1970s saw the US Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship of the High Temperature Turbine Technology program and the Japanese Moonlight project. Westinghouse and GE were closely associated with the American project, while Mitsubishi was the lead company for the Japanese work.30 A more recent initiative is the US Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program, which is being spearheaded by Federal Energy Technology Center and six turbine manufacturers in the US, including GE, Westinghouse, and Solar. The consortium also includes 83 universities and multiple DOE research centers. The goal is to subsidize and coordinate R&D which will lead to the next generation of efficient gas and combined cycle turbines. The goals for technology base research closely parallel the advances noted earlier. They include advanced combustion systems to minimize pollution, heat transfer and aerodynamics to improve turbine blade life and performance, and materials to permit higher operating temperature for more efficient systems.31 Solar Turbines has experimented with ceramic parts for its share of the project (simple cycle gas turbines less than 20 MWe) but larger turbine manufacturers have not devoted the effort or government funding to analogous efforts for larger industrial turbines for baseload generation. When they do, it will be for stationary components of the ATS engine. To date, the program has not reached its major goals and is viewed skeptically by many in the field because it is not a major 27 W. J. Watson, “The ‘Success’ of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine” Opportunities and Advances in International Power Generation, University of Durham Conference Publication, March 18-20, 1996, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996. p. 88. 28 Goncalves, Chuang, and Cohn, “Advanced Gas Turbine Systems,” May, 1996, p. 9. 29 W. J. Watson, “The ‘Success’ of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine” Opportunities and Advances in International Power Generation, University of Durham Conference Publication, March 18-20, 1996, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996. p. 91. 30 W. J. Watson, “The ‘Success’ of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine” Opportunities and Advances in International Power Generation, University of Durham Conference Publication, March 18-20, 1996, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996. p. 91. 31 United States Department of Energy, “Advanced Turbine Systems: The Next Generation of Gas Turbines” Federal Energy Technology Center. 18PDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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