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line in about 2 years.51 These short times compare favorably to lead times of ten years or even more which have been noted for some large coal and nuclear plants. Such long lead times are unacceptable in a competitive and dynamic marketplace, giving gas turbines another advantage. A competitive market demands for high efficiency plants. When generators are forced to compete against other generators, only those who can provide electricity at low cost will survive. To reduce costs, they must achieve high levels of production operation for as little fuel as possible. A good analog of simple efficiency is heat rate, which is the number of Btu’s necessary for each kWhe of plant operation. The lower the heat rate is, the more efficient the plant will be. Figure 13 shows how combined cycle gas turbines have the lowest heat rates among all types of fossil plants. This correlates well with their high and unmatched efficiencies, which are currently reaching 60%. 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Plant Type Figure 13: A major factor in the new power market is overall efficiency as illustrated by the above heat rates.52 51 Gray and Nakayama, U.S.-Japan Energy Policy Considerations for the 1990’s, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988. p. 46. 52 Costs are standard costs for the USA. Cost differences due to regional distinctions are calculated by applying regional multipliers. Adapted from Energy Information Administration, 1998 AEO, Appendix, Table 37. 31 Coal (PC) Coal (IGCC) Gas (steam) Gas (CC) Gas (adv CC) Gas (CT) Gas (adv CT) Btu/kWhPDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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