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Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines 3.1 Introduction Gas turbines have been in use for stationary electric power generation since the late 1930s. Turbines went on to revolutionize airplane propulsion in the 1940s, and since the 1990s through today, they have been a popular choice for new power generation plants in the United States. Gas turbines are available in sizes ranging from 500 kilowatts (kW) to more than 300 megawatts (MW) for both power-only generation and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. The most efficient commercial technology for utility-scale power plants is the gas turbine-steam turbine combined-cycle plant that has efficiencies of more than 60 percent (measured at lower heating value [LHV]35). Simple- cycle gas turbines used in power plants are available with efficiencies of over 40 percent (LHV). Gas turbines have long been used by utilities for peaking capacity. However, with changes in the power industry and advancements in the technology, the gas turbine is now being increasingly used for base- load power. Gas turbines produce exhaust heat at high temperatures that can be recovered in a CHP configuration to produce steam for process use. Such CHP configurations can reach overall system efficiencies (electricity and useful thermal energy) of 70 to 80 percent. By the early 1980s, the efficiency and reliability of smaller gas turbines (1 to 40 MW) had progressed sufficiently to be an attractive choice for industrial and large institutional users for CHP applications. Gas turbines have very low emissions compared to other fossil-powered generation technologies. With catalytic exhaust cleanup or lean pre-mixed combustion, some large gas turbines achieve emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) well below 10 parts per million (ppm).36 Because of their relatively high efficiency and the reliance on natural gas as a primary fuel, gas turbines emit substantially less carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) generated than other fossil technology in commercial use.37 3.2 Applications Gas turbines are used in a variety of stationary applications: • Electric utility central station power generation – Gas turbines are used widely by the electric utility industry. Combined cycle turbine plants contribute to base-load power needs, and simple cycle turbines are used for meeting peak-load. Today, gas turbines comprise 32 percent, or 315 gigawatts (GW), of central station power plant capacity 35 Most of the efficiencies quoted in this report are based on higher heating value (HHV), which includes the heat of condensation of the water vapor in the combustion products. In engineering and scientific literature concerning heat engine efficiencies the lower heating value (LHV – which does not include the heat of condensation of the water vapor in the combustion products) is usually used. The HHV is greater than the LHV by approximately 10 percent with natural gas as the fuel (e.g., 50 percent LHV is equivalent to 55 percent HHV). HHV efficiencies are about 8 percent greater for oil (liquid petroleum products) and 5 percent for coal. 36 Volumetric emissions for gas turbines are measured at 15 percent oxygen in the exhaust. 37 Fuel cells, which produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, emit only water vapor. There are emissions associated with producing the hydrogen supply depending on its source. However, most fuel cell technologies are still being developed, with only one type (phosphoric acid fuel cell) commercially available in limited production. Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–1 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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