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• Combined heat and power – Gas turbines are used extensively for CHP applications providing efficient, economic, and reliable service. Gas turbines comprise 63 percent, or 51.5 GW, of total installed CHP capacity in the U.S.38 Close to 80 percent of this gas turbine CHP capacity is in large combined cycle plants that maximize the export of power to the electrical grid.39 The remaining GT CHP capacity is made up of simple-cycle gas turbine based CHP systems, typically less than 40 MW. • Mechanical drive – Oil and gas production, processing, transmission, and some process industries use gas turbines for pumping, compression, and other mechanical drive operations. In mechanical power applications, the turbine shaft power is used directly. There is no electrical generator, though there can be heat recovery, and such systems can be classified as CHP. • Distributed power-only – Gas turbines are used for distributed power generation at remote oilfield facilities and can be used by industry and utilities alike for portable power generation. Large industrial facilities install simple-cycle gas turbines without heat recovery to provide peaking power in capacity constrained areas, and utilities often place gas turbines in the 5 to 40 MW size range at substations to provide incremental capacity and grid support. A number of turbine manufacturers and packagers offer mobile turbine generator units in the 5-40 MW size range that can be used in one location during a period of peak demand and then transported to another location for the following season. Gas turbines are ideally suited for CHP applications because their high-temperature exhaust can be used to generate process steam at conditions as high as 1,200 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) and 900 °F or used directly in industrial processes for heating or drying. A typical industrial CHP application for gas turbines is a chemical plant with a 25 MW simple cycle gas turbine supplying base-load power to the plant with an unfired heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) on the exhaust. This gas turbine CHP system will produce approximately 29 MW thermal (MWth) of steam for process use within the plant. A typical commercial/institutional CHP application for gas turbines is a college or university campus with a 5 MW simple-cycle gas turbine. Approximately 8 MWth of 150 psig to 400 psig steam (or hot water) is produced in an unfired heat recovery steam generator and sent to a central thermal loop for campus space heating during the winter, or to single-effect absorption chillers to provide cooling during the summer. 3.3 Technology Description 3.3.1 Basic Process Gas turbine systems operate on the Brayton thermodynamic cycle, a constant pressure open cycle heat engine. The Brayton cycle consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber, and an expansion turbine. The compressor heats and compresses the inlet air which is then further heated by the addition of fuel in the combustion chamber. The hot air and combustion gas mixture drives the expansion turbine producing enough energy to provide shaft-power to the generator or mechanical process and to drive the compressor as well. The power produced by an expansion turbine and consumed by a compressor is 38 Electric utility sector gas turbine capacity is from EIA data (2014). CHP gas turbine total capacity based on the ICF CHP Installations database. 39 ICF CHP Installations Database, 2014 Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–2 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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